Fixed and Floating Exchange Rate Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fixed and Floating Exchange Rate Systems - Essay Example In fixed exchange rate system, the central bank decides the official rate of exchange of currency conversion which is fixed. This means that the traders would need to convert the currency of one country into the currency of another country at the rate of exchange fixed by the central banks. The fixed exchange rate systems could be classified as hard pegged exchange rate systems and soft pegged exchange rate systems. The hard pegged exchange rate system indicates that the pegging nation has lesser volume of control in the process of currency conversion and is very much dependent on the targeting nation. In hard pegged exchange rate systems, the fixed currency conversion rates are followed in a strict manner (Heakal, 2012). On the other hand, the soft pegged currency exchange systems are influenced by the fluctuation in the market conditions. The floating exchange rate systems are on the other hand marked to market. This means that these exchange rates fluctuate with the corresponding changes in the market supply and demand. The inflation or deflation in the economies leads to changes in the currency conversion rates. The exchanges rates in such conditions are said to be floating which corrects itself constantly with respect to the market and economic fluctuations. The exchange rate system that includes conversion of local currency pegged against the US dollars is an example of hard pegged exchange rate system. The currency is converted strictly with the rate of exchange for US dollars. In reality, no exchange rate system is fully fixed or floating. An example of soft pegged exchange rate system is the slight fluctuation in the rate of currency conversion due to changes in monetary supply in the economy. An example of floating exchange rate system is the auto-correction of the currency conversion rate due to the changes in the economic conditions. The devaluation of currency would lead to rise

Student Survival Guide Essay Example for Free

Student Survival Guide Essay To survive my academic career at University of Phoenix, many things will help me while going through the program. This Survival Guide will remind me about: the general Internet skills needed to be successful, how to use my student website and the University Library resources, how to set up and achieve my goals, how to uphold academic honesty, how to manage my time wisely, how to foster my reading comprehension and retention, and how to adapt my work habits to fit my personality. General Internet Skills. The University of Phoenix Associates Level Material: Appendix D (2012) states, there are four different forums with different purposes where discussions take place: Main, Chat Room, Course Materials and an Individual Forum. Main Forum Used for class discussion, Discussion Questions, and to reply to discussion questions Only instructor posts new threads Under Questions thread for each week, post general questions that could benefit the entire class regarding an assignment Use a professional tone Chat Room. students can create new threads or messages and reply to other messages discussion about things not related to an assignment or discussion question use a more casual tone Course Materials Forum only instructors can post in this forum syllabus, weekly assignments, and course information is posted here reading links or other materials will be posted here Individual Forum private messages between me and my instructor about my grade or specific questions about my assignment use profession communication. Keeping my audience in mind allows me to use the correct tone and wording when communicating with others in writing. When performing research for a writing assignment or for use in a forum, looking for unbiased work, a peer reviewed source, one that cannot be changed by the public, has an author, or ends in . edu or . gov are likely to be reputable and worth reading. Reading the synopsis of a webpage will help to determine if the work is politically biased or if it will pertain to the assignment. Validated resources should always be used. University of Phoenix and University Library Resources. While taking courses through University of Phoenix I am given access to my Student Website where all of my classes will be held and where I can use the school’s resources. Many different resources are available under the Library tab: Technological Tools Available University Library Library services Research/peer reviewed material Ask a librarian Useful links Reference and citation generator APA information Grammar and writing guides Center for Writing Excellence Writing and style guidelines Tutorials and guides Submit a paper for review WritePoint Plagiarism Checker. Center for Mathematics Excellence Building math confidence Live tutoring Phoenix Career Services Job Market Research Explore jobs in particular geographical areas Search jobs by type of work, employer, or degrees Career plan Career Interests Profiler Competencies Work culture preferences Reasoning aptitude Resume builder Upload current resume Create new resume Import resume from LinkedIn Career resources Exploring careers Career profile videos Executing your job search Job search tips Advice for employees looking to change careers Marketing yourself Interviewing Interview Preparation video  Resumes and Cover Letters Sample resumes and cover letters Managing your Career Employment partners More resources are available, but these are ones I can see myself using. In the Center for Writing Excellence, the most useful resources are WritePoint, Plagiarism Checker, and the resource and citation generator. The features of Phoenix Career Services will be useful when looking for a job, creating a resume, or needing career advice. Conducting research using the University Library can save time since all of the items have already been verified and are from reliable resources. Tutoring and activities to refresh my math skills prior to taking a math class are available in the Center for Mathematics Excellence. Setting and Achieving Goals The Phoenix Career Services Career Plan home page has a list of my long-term goals with due dates. To meet those goals, short-term goals must be met, and this page must be reviewed often and necessary changes made in order to keep realistic deadlines. Using the SMART goals system: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time Frame; will ensure my goals are things that will be achieved. Creating exact goals with specific details, measurable progress, attainability, relevance, and a time frame will help reach my goals. (Chapter 4, Page 102, Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2011) Obstacles may force me to reevaluate my goal deadlines to verify they are still attainable. Long-term goals can be flexible, but should never vanish completely. A degree from University of Phoenix will allow me many opportunities when looking for a job. Upholding Academic Honesty To uphold academic honesty I need to review the Student Code of Academic Integrity at least once a year or if there are changes to it. A violation of the Student Code of Academic Integrity could have severe consequences including expulsion from school, depending on the severity of the dishonest action. Plagiarism, self-plagiarism, double-dipping or dovetailing, fabrication of information, unauthorized assistance, copyright infringement, misrepresentation, and collusion are all academically dishonest. (University of Phoenix, 2011) I can avoid academic dishonesty by citing every resource I use, submitting my work to the Plagiarism Checker, and making sure my work is no more than 20% copied information. Managing Time Wisely Awareness of how much time is spent on different activities throughout the day and adjusting those activities accordingly, can allow me to effectively manage my time. Keeping a diary of activities for a couple of days every few months will allow me see how much time is spent doing certain activities, and can help me shift time from one activity to another. Caring for my family will always be my first priority. Since I am not working outside of the home, school is my second priority. Allowing myself time to de-stress and relax is important, but needs to be kept to a minimum so I am not spending hours on end playing games or reading Facebook. Fostering Reading Comprehension and Retention Using the SQ3R method in all of my academic reading assignments will enhance my reading comprehension. (Chapter 7, Page 191, Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2011) â€Å"SQ3R is an acronym for survey, question, read, recite, and review. † (Chapter 7, Page 190, Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2011) Surveying reading assignments allows me to look for bold words and headings which I can write my questions about. (Chapter 7, Pages 191-192, Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2011) Finding the main idea of what I am reading, prioritizing key points, and highlighting information that stands out will help during the review phase. (Chapter 7, Page 196, Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2011) Reciting the answers to the questions I raised will help me commit the information to memory. (Chapter 7, Page 197, Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2011) Reviewing my questions and answers, summarizing the highlighted portions, and quizzing myself on different aspects of the material during the review phase will also be helpful. (Chapter 7, Page 198, Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2011) Another study technique is using flashcards so I can memorize important information, especially vocabulary words or historical dates. Using study skill that work with my multiple intelligences can be helpful. Moving around while reviewing flashcards, listening to music while reading, or cutting and pasting material I have read into documents with similar ideas could all be advantageous to my studying skills. (Chapter 7, Page 204, Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2011) When highlighting I should avoid over marking and use a regular pen or pencil instead of a highlighter. (Chapter 7, Page 205, Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2011) Making notes in the margins will help master content. (Chapter 7, Page 206, Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2011) Adapting Work Habits to Fit My Personality Located in the Phoenix Career Services tab on the Library page are items to survey different areas of my personality: career interests, personal competencies, work culture preferences, and reasoning aptitude. Knowledge of my personal competencies can be advantageous in all aspects of my life. I am one to follow instructions, to cooperate, and to adhere to values. University of Phoenix’s My Career Plan page defines following directions as â€Å"appropriately follows instructions from others without unnecessarily challenging authority; follows procedures and policies; keeps to schedules; arrives punctually for work and meetings; demonstrates commitment to the organization; complies with legal obligations and safety requirements of the role. â€Å" (University of Phoenix, 2013) I do not like to be late no matter what. I thrive when there are policies, procedures and schedules to follow. I do what I am asked, remain organized, and confirm compliance with any laws when necessary. Defined on University of Phoenix’s My Career Plan someone who cooperates â€Å"shows respect for the views and contributions of other team members; shows empathy; listens, supports and cares for others; consults others and shares information and expertise with them; builds team spirit and reconciles conflict; adapts to the team and fits in well. † (University of Phoenix, 2013) Working as a team where I can share information with others respectfully, support each other’s ideas and expertise, and have an environment that is well designed with all the necessary resources in order for me to do my job well are also part of my personality. (University of Phoenix, 2013) Adhering to values means I do not change what I believe in or who I am, but University of Phoenix’s My Career Plan defines adhering to values as â€Å"upholds ethics and values; demonstrates integrity; promotes and defends equal opportunities, builds diverse teams; encourages organizational and individual responsibility towards the community and the environment. † (University of Phoenix, 2013) My reasoning aptitude page says, â€Å"Your profile shows you could work well in careers that use both cognitive abilities and practical skills. You may be attracted to practical work or to analytical work, or to careers that allows you to combine practical skills and thinking. † (University of Phoenix, 2013) I love having challenges in my career, and learning new skills or trying new tasks. Conclusion This Survival Guide provides information for continued success throughout my academic career at University of Phoenix. Keeping my goals up-to-date with deadlines will ensure that I meet my long-term goals, and do not lose sight of what I have set out to accomplish. I will review my goals and this guide often as a reminder of everything available to me for my success. References Appendix D. (2013). University of Phoenix: Associate Level Material, Version 10(Unknown), , 1. Carter, C. , Bishop, J. , Kravits, S. L. (2011). Keys to Effective Learning: Study Skills and Habits for Success (6th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson. University of Phoenix. (2011). Student Code of Academic Integrity. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/studentdocuments/uophx/academic_integrity. htm University of Phoenix. (2013). Phoenix Career Services: My Career Plan: Career Competencies. Retrieved from.

Novel Approaches to DoS Impact Measurement

Novel Approaches to DoS Impact Measurement J.Anto Sylverster Jeyaraj, C.Suriya, R.Sudha Abstract Over the past few years Denial of service (DoS) Attacks have emerged as serious vulnerability for almost every internet Services. Existing approach to DoS impact measurement in Deter Testbeds equate service denial with slow communication low throughput, high resource utilization, and high loss rate. These approaches are not versatile, not quantitative, not accurate because they fail to specify exact ranges of parameter values that correspond to good or poor service quality and they were not proven to correspond to human perception service denial. We propose Novel approaches to DoS impact that measure the quality of service experienced by users during an attack. Our novel approaches are quantitative, Versatile, accurate because they map QoS requirements for several applications into measurable traffic parameters with acceptable, scientifically determined thresholds, they apply to a wide range of attack scenarios, which we demonstrate via Deter testbed experiments Keywords Communication/network, Measurement techniques, performance of system, Network security 1. INTRODUCTION Denial of service (DoS) is a major threat. DoS severely disrupts legitimate communication by exhausting some critical limited resource via packet floods or by sending malformed packets that cause network elements to crash. The large number of devices, applications, and resources involved in communication offers a wide variety of mechanisms to deny service. Effects of DoS attacks are experienced by users as a server slowdown, service quality degradation, service degradation. DoS attacks have been studied through testbed experiments. Accurately measuring the impairment of service quality perceived by human clients during an attack is essential for evaluation and comparison of potential DoS defenses, and for study of novel attacks. Researchers and developers need accurate, quantitative, and versatile. Accurate metrics produce measures of service denial that closely agree with a human’s perception of service impairment in a similar scenario. Quantitative metrics define ranges of parameter values that signify service denial, using scientific guidelines. Versatile metrics apply to many DoS scenarios regardless of the underlying mechanism for service denial, attack dynamics, legitimate traffic mix, or network topology. Existing approaches to DoS impact measurement fall short of these goals. They collect one or several traffic measurements and compare their first-order statistics (e.g., mean, standard deviation, minimum, or maximum) or their distributions in the baseline and the attack case. Frequently used traffic measurements include the legitimate traffic’s request/response delay, legitimate transactions durations, legitimate traffic’s goodput, throughput, or loss, and division of a critical resource between the legitimate and the attack traffic. If a defense is being evaluated, these metrics are also used for its collateral damage. Lack of consensus on which measurements best reflect the DoS impact cause researchers to choose ones they feel are the most relevant. Such metrics are not versatile, since each independent traffic measurement captures only one aspect of service denial. For example, a prolonged request/response time will properly signal DoS for two-way applications such a s Web, FTP, and DNS, but not for media traffic that is sensitive to one-way delay, packet loss, and jitter. The lack of common DoS impact metrics prevents comparison among published work. We further argue that the current measurement approaches are neither quantitative nor accurate. Adhoc comparisons of measurement statistics or distributions only show how network traffic behaves differently under attack, but do not quantify which services have been denied and how severely. To our knowledge, no studies show that existing metrics agree with human perception of service denial. We survey existing DoS impact metrics in Section 2. We propose a novel approach to DoS impact measurement. Our key insight is that DoS always causes degradation of service quality, and a metric that holistically captures a human user’s QoS perception will be applicable to all test scenarios. For each popular application, we specify its QoS requirements, consisting of relevant traffic measurements and corresponding thresholds that define good service ranges. We observe traffic as a collection of high-level tasks called â€Å"transactions† (defined in Section3).Each legitimate transaction is evaluated against its application’s QoS requirements; transactions that do not meet all the requirements are considered â€Å"failed.† We aggregate information about transaction failure into several intuitive qualitative and quantitative composite metrics to expose the precise interaction of the DoS attack with the legitimate traffic. We describe our proposed approaches in Section 3. We demonstrate that our approaches mee t the goals of being accurate, quantitative, and versatile through testbed experiments with multiple DoS scenarios and legitimate traffic mixes. Conclude in Section 5. 2. EXISTING METRICS Prior DoS research has focused on measuring DoS through selected legitimate traffic parameters: Packet loss, Traffic throughput or goodput, Request/response delay, Transaction duration, and Allocation of resources. Researchers have used both simple metrics (single traffic parameter) and combinations of them to report the impact of an attack on the network. All existing metrics are not quantitative because they do not specify ranges of loss, throughput, delay, duration, or resource shares that correspond to service denial. Indeed, such values cannot be specified in general because they highly depend on the type of application whose traffic coexists with the attack: 10 percent loss of VoIP traffic is devastating while 10 percent loss of DNS traffic is merely a glitch. All existing metrics are not versatile and we point out below the cases where they fail to measure service denial. They are inaccurate since they have not been proven to correspond to a human user’s perception of service denial. 3. PROPOSED APPROACHES TO DOS IMPACT EASURMENT 3.3 DoS Metrics We aggregate the transaction success/failure measures into several intuitive composite metrics. Percentage of failed transactions (pft) per application type. This metric directly captures the impact of a DoS attack on network services by quantifying the QoS experienced by users. For each transaction that overlaps with the attack, we evaluate transaction success or failure applying Definition 3. A straightforward approach to the pft calculation is dividing the number of failed transactions by the number of all transactions during the attack. This produces biased results for clients that generate transactions serially. If a client does not generate each request in a dedicated thread, timing of subsequent requests depends on the completion of previous requests. In this case, transaction density during an attack will be lower than without an attack, since transactions overlapping the attack will last longer. This skews the pft calculation because each success or failure has a higher influence on the pft value during an attack than in its absence. In our experiments, IRC and telnet clients suffered from this deficiency. To remedy this problem, we calculate the pft value as the difference between 1 (100 percent) and the ratio of the number of successful transactions divided by the number of all transactions that would have been initiated by a given application during the same time if the attack were not present. The DoS-hist metric shows the histogram of pft measures across applications, and is helpful to understand each application’s resilience to the attack. The DoS-level metric is the weighted average of pft measures for all applications of interest: DoS-level =, where k spans all application categories, and wk is a weight associated with a category k. We introduced this metric because in some experiments it may be useful to produce a single number that describes the DoS impact. But we caution that DoS-level is highly dependent on the chosen application weights and thus can be biased. QoS-ratio is the ratio of the difference between a transaction’s traffic measurement and its corresponding threshold, divided by this threshold. The QoS metric for each successful transaction shows the user-perceived service quality, in the range (0, 1], where higher numbers indicate better quality. It is useful to evaluate service quality degradation during attacks. We compute it by averaging QoS-ratios for all traffic measurements of a given transaction that have defined thresholds. For failed transactions, we compute the related QoS-degrade metric, to quantify severity of service denial. QoS-degrade is the absolute value of QoS-ratio of that transaction’s measurement that exceeded its QoS threshold by the largest margin. This metric is in the range (0,1] .Intuitively, a value N of QoS-degrade means that the service of failed transactions was N times worse than a user could tolerate. While arguably any denial is significant and there is no need to quantify its severity, perception of DoS is highly subjective. Low values of QoS-degrade (e.g., The failure ratio shows the percentage of live transactions in the current (1-second) interval that will fail in the future. The failure ratio is useful for evaluation of DoS defenses, to capture the speed of a defense’s response, and for time-varying attacks . Transactions that are born during the attack are considered live until they complete successfully or fail. Transactions that are born before the attack are considered live after the attack starts. A failed transaction contributes to the failed transaction count in all intervals where it was live. 4. EVALUATION IN TESTBED EXPERIMENTS We first evaluate our metrics in experiments on the DETER testbed [15]. It allows security researchers to evaluate attacks and defences in a controlled environment. Fig. 2 shows our experimental topology. Four legitimate networks and two attack networks are connected via four core routers. Each legitimate network has four server nodes and two client nodes, and is connected to the core via an access router. Links between the access router and the core have 100-Mbps bandwidth and 10-40-ms delay, while other links have 1-Gbps bandwidth and no added delay. The location of bottlenecks is chosen to mimic high-bandwidth local networks that connect over a limited access link to an over provisioned core. Attack networks host two attackers each, and connect directly to core routers Fig.2. Experimental topology. 4.1 Background Traffic Each client generates a mixture of Web, DNS, FTP, IRC, VoIP, ping, and telnet traffic. We used open-source servers and clients when possible to generate realistic traffic at the application, transport, and network level. For example, we used an Apache server and wget client for Web traffic, bind server and dig client for DNS traffic, etc. Telnet, IRC, and VoIP clients and the VoIP server were custom-built in Perl. Clients talk with servers in their own and adjacent networks. Fig. 2 shows the traffic patterns. Traffic patterns for IRC and VoIP differ because those application clients could not support multiple simultaneous connections. All attacks target the Web server in network 4 and cross its bottleneck link, so only this network’s traffic should be impacted by the attacks. Illustrate our metrics in realistic traffic scenarios for various attacks. We modified the topology from [8] to ensure that bottlenecks occur only before the attack target, to create more realistic attack conditions. We used a more artificial traffic mix , with regular service request arrivals and identical file sizes for each application, to clearly isolate and illustrate features of our metrics. Traffic parameters are chosen to produce the same transaction density in each application category (Table 3): roughly 100 transactions for each application during 1,300 seconds, which is the attack duration. All transactions succeed in the absence of the attack. bottleneck links (more frequent variant) and 2) by generating a high packet rate that exhausts the CPU at a router leading to the target. We generate the first attack type: a UDP bandwidth flood. Packet sizes had range [750 bytes,1.25 Kbytes] and total packet rate was 200 Kpps. This generates a volume that is roughly 16 times the bottleneck bandwidth. The expected effect is that access link of network 4 will become congested and traffic between networks 1 and 4, and networks 3 and 4 will be denied service. 5. CONCLUSIONS One cannot understand a complex phenomenon like DoS without being able to measure it in an objective, accurate way. The work described here defines accurate, quantitative, and versatile metrics for measuring effectiveness of DoS attacks and defenses. Our approach is objective, reproducible, and applicable to a wide variety of attack and defense methodologies. Its value has been demonstrated in testbeds environments. Our approaches are usable by other researchers in their own work. They offer the first real opportunity to compare and contrast different DoS attacks and defenses on an objective head-to-head basis. We expect that this work will advance DoS research by providing a clear measure of success for any proposed defense, and helping researchers gain insight into strengths and weaknesses of their solutions. REFERENCES [1] A. Yaar, A. Perrig, and D. Song, â€Å"SIFF: A Stateless Internet Flow Filter to Mitigate DDoS Flooding Attacks,† Proc. IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP), 2004. [2] A. Kuzmanovic and E.W. Knightly, â€Å"Low-Rate TCP-Targeted Denial of Service Attacks (The Shrew versus the Mice and Elephants),† Proc. ACM SIGCOMM ’03, Aug. 2003. [3] CERT Advisory CA-1996-21 TCP SYN Flooding and IP Spoofing Attacks, CERT CC, http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-21.html, 1996. [4] R. Mahajan, S.M. Bellovin, S. Floyd, J. Ioannidis, V. Paxson, and S. Shenker, â€Å"Controlling High Bandwidth Aggregates in the Network,† ACM Computer Comm. Rev., July 2001. [5] G. Oikonomou, J. Mirkovic, P. Reiher, and M. Robinson, â€Å"A Framework for Collaborative DDoS Defense,† Proc. 11th Asia-Pacific Computer Systems Architecture Conf. (ACSAC ’06), Dec. 2006. [6] Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis, CAIDA Web page,http://www.caida.org, 2008. [7] MAWI Working Group Traffic Archive, WIDE Project, http://tracer.csl.sony.co.jp/mawi/, 2008 [8] â€Å"QoS Performance requirements for UMTS,† The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Nortel Networks, http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/WG1_Serv/TSGS1_03-HCourt/Docs/Docs/s1-99362.pdf, 2008. [9] N. Bhatti, A. Bouch, and A. Kuchinsky, â€Å"Quality is in the Eye of the Beholder: Meeting Users’ Requirements for Internet Quality of Service,† Technical Report HPL-2000-4, Hewlett Packard, 2000. [10] L. Yamamoto and J.G. Beerends, â€Å"Impact of Network Performance Parameters on the End-to-End Perceived Speech Quality,† Proc.EXPERT ATM Traffic Symp., Sept. 1997. [11] T. Beigbeder, R. Coughlan, C. Lusher, J. Plunkett, E. Agu, and M. Claypool, â€Å"The Effects of Loss and Latency on User Performance in Unreal Tournament 2003,† Proc. ACM Network and System Support for Games Workshop (NetGames), 2004. [12] N. Sheldon, E. Girard, S. Borg, M. Claypool, and E. Agu, â€Å"The Effect of Latency on User Performance in Warcraft III,† Proc. ACM Network and System Support for Games Workshop (NetGames), 2003. [13] B.N. Chun and D.E. Culler, â€Å"User-Centric Performance Analysis of Market-Based Cluster Batch Schedulers,† Proc. Second IEEE Int’l Symp. Cluster Computing and the GridProc. Second IEEE/ACM Int’l Conf. Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID ’02), May 2002. [14] J. Ash, M. Dolly, C. Dvorak, A. Morton, P. Taraporte, and Y.E. Mghazli, Y.1541-QOSM—Y.1541 QoS Model for Networks Using Y.1541 QoS Classes, NSIS Working Group, Internet Draft,work in progress, May 2006. [15] T. Benzel, R. Braden, D. Kim, C. Neuman, A. Joseph, K. Sklower,R. Ostrenga, and S. Schwab, â€Å"Experiences with DETER: A Testbed for Security Research,† Proc. Second Int’l IEEE/Create-Net Conf.Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities (TridentCOM ’06), Mar. 2006. [16] D.J. Bernstein, TCP 22 Syncookies, http://cr.yp.to/syncookies.html, 2008.

Decision To Fund The Atomic Bomb :: essays research papers

"No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times greater than that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue..."( Groueff 355). The words of Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell describe the onset of the atomic age, which began on July 16, 1945 in Alamogordo, New Mexico. This was the site of the first large-scale atomic test, which utilized the tool of destruction that would soon decimate the populations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki less than a month afterwards. This test consummated the years spent developing the bomb, and was the end result of the efforts of nuclear scientists who constructed it, and those of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who made the decision to fund the so-called Manhattan Project. In a letter dated August 2nd, 1939, Albert Einstein first informed President Roosevelt of the research that had been done by Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard with unstable Uranium which could generate large amounts of power and energy (Einstein1 PSF Safe Files). Einstein also included another possible use for the uranium- the construction of extremely powerful bombs, which were capable of destroying a seaport and the surrounding territory. This information may have come precisely at the right time, for in October of 1938 Roosevelt asked Congress for a $300 million military appropriation, and in November instructed the Army Air Corps to plan for an annual production of twenty thousand planes. Later, in 1939, Roosevelt called for actions against "aggressor nations," and in the same year submitted to Congress a $1.3 billion defense budget (Boyer 861). In an accompanying memorandum that was sent with the Einstein letter, scientist Leo Szilard explained the technical science of nuclear fission and stressing the importance of chain reactions (Walls 1 PFS Safe Files). Both documents, the Einstein letter and the Szilard memorandum, were to be delivered by Alexander Sachs, an adviser to Roosevelt’s New Deal since 1933 who would know how to approach Roosevelt and the government (Lanouette 200). It was not until mid-October 1939 that Sachs wangled an invitation to get in to see the President over breakfast (Burns 250). Though Roosevelt found the documents interesting, he seemed hesitant about committing government funds to such speculative research. But after Sachs reminded him of Napoleon’s skepticism of Robert Fulton’s idea of a steamship, Roosevelt agreed to proceed. Regarding the steamship issue, Sachs went on to comment, "This is an example of how England was saved by the shortsightedness of an adversary,"; this insight made Roosevelt greatly consider the creation of the bomb. President Roosevelt authorized a study, but the decision to

Learning English

English is the most widely spoken language in the world, and has more second-language speakers than any other language. English is also the language of the Internet, and so studying, doing research, interacting with international companies and travelling is almost impossible without at least some English. It is now impossible to find a country where learning English has not become popular. You wish to travel someplace, you have to communicate. If you don't know the language of the country where you go, just try speaking English and they will understand. magine that you don't know english and you go to china and of course you don't know chinese and you need to find an address. how will you ask that address to some one ? and i can give you thousands of examples like that. Now in most of the job application the company ask about the languages you know. and all of them expect that you know english because international customers rely on English speaking employees to help them with day to day operations to interpret, translate and communicate directly with English speaking customers. Speak fluent English can improve job opportunities. There are other opportunities available for those who learn English. Learning English can improve the chances of being accepted into colleges. Learning English also can expand the ability to access news and information, much of which is generated only in English. if you are looking for an information on internet and if you are looking it in english you will find more than in your language. because english is an international language. you can find all the news , magazines, all the information you need you can find in english. as we all know music connects people to people. f you don't know english how will you understand the meaning of the song and how will you enjoy it. music is really important in life. imagine a life without music how boring will it be. no music on the radio when you are in rush? i really can't imagine a life like that . english is important for your education too. if you go to USA to study you get a better education than you will get in your country. you will mee t some new international friends and some hay if you need some think from the countries that you have friends you will solve it easily. in the end learning english is the best thing to do for your life.

Is Competition Good or Bad??

A continuing concern within physical education is the proper role and level of competition. Many of the abuses associated with organized sport are assumed to be the result of an overemphasis on competition, of a win-at-all -costs perspective. It is not uncommon for physical educators to advocate reducing competition, to replace competitive activities with cooperative activities, and to modify competitive activities in ways that reduce competitiveness.In its most extreme form, this kind of criticism within the physical-education profession suggests that competitive activities are harmful for children. The issue can be viewed from another perspective. The issue is not whether competition is all good or all bade, but rather is how we can eliminate bad competition and emphasize good competition. Good competition creates a festival atmosphere, with all the attending traditions, rituals, and celebrations.Good competition creates a forum within which children and youth can test themselves a gainst accepted standards of excellence. Good competition involves rivalry, but never the kind of rivalry in which one side can win only to the extent that the other side loses. Good competition also means striving within the rules and traditions to do the best you can and then, when the competition is over, understanding that the winning or losing have little meaning outside the competition itself.Bad competition, on the other hand, should be eliminated. Using the rules to gain an advantage, assuming that the only way to win is to have the best score, disregarding the traditions and rituals of the activity, and letting the outcomes affect you after the competition is over are all indications of inappropriate competition. Students in physical education should learn the differences between good and bad competition. The only way they can do this is to have these things pointed out to them as they experience good competition.

READING Bias Essays - Critical Thinking, Parapsychology

READING Bias Essays - Critical Thinking, Parapsychology READING Bias rev. August 2005 BIAS Bias is prejudice about or leaning towards something. An author shows bias by leaving out information or by altering facts to force the reader to have a certain opinion about a subject, or to convince the reader to take a certain action. Critical reading requires that a reader recognize bias in writing. Without this recognition, the reader may become the victim of the writers propaganda. To identify bias in a passage or article, the reader must read through the material and ask, What does the writer want me to think or to do? Bias is often present in editorials, advertisements, religious publications, and political materials. There are several common devices or techniques used by writers of propaganda and biased material. Some of these are 1. USE OF WORDS FOR EMOTIONAL EFFECT Words like commie, racist, hippie, liberal, pinko, and others are used to promote either a positive or a negative response in the reader. 2. REFERENCE TO GREAT MEN Politicians often refer to famous men in the history of our country in order to gain support for their ideas. 3. FLATTERY The writer may use praise to try to gain a positive reaction from the reader. 4. STACKING THE CARDS Instead of giving an objective description, the writer may give evidence to support only one side of a question and may deliberately omit any opposing ideas. 5. BANDWAGON A writer might suggest that everyone is doing something or thinking in a certain way and that the reader should do the same. 6. PLAIN FOLKS Many politicians and advertisers try to appeal to common people. Politicians attempt to make voters identify with them by presenting themselves as ordinary people. READING Bias rev. August 2005 BIAS PRACTICE EXERCISES EXERCISE I. Read the following letter to a local newspaper in which the writer argues that Fairlawn Park should not be turned into a baseball field. Note the negative terms that are used to influence the reader. Citizens of the Fairlawn Park area look with alarm at the diabolical plot to change a beautiful spot into a baseball park. If this malicious plan is carried out, the lovely trees in the park will be chopped down. Values of the property within the area will drop sharply as the park fills with the filth and debris of the bulldozers and other equipment. Later the shrieks of the young ruffians who take over the park will destroy the peace and quiet of the neighborhood. Obviously no one cares about the poor citizen who has slaved to pay for his home and to keep up with his taxes. 1. In this passage, the author shows bias against a. homeowners and taxpayers b. citizens of the Fairlawn Park area c. a baseball field in the park d. more trees in the park Did you find the following terms used to sway the mind of the reader? 1. alarm 6. debris 2. shrieks 7. filth 3. malicious 8. diabolical 4. destroy 9. poor 5. ruffians 10. slaved EXERCISE II. Read each paragraph; then, choose the best answer to the question that follows to find out if you can identify bias. New cars are not built as well as they used to be. Owners of new cars in 2002 have more complaints about their automobiles than in past years. In fact, the recalling of new cars by their makers is becoming a routine practice in America. Instead of insisting upon safe, well-designed products, carmakers seem more concerned with throwing together shoddy automobiles and making a profit. Invariably, new cars need parts replaced almost as soon as the warranty expires. Unfortunately, people need transportation, so they continue to buy new automobiles. 2. The author shows bias against a. new car owners b. foreign car manufacturers c. car repair shops d. automobile manufacturers READING Bias rev. August 2005 BIAS PRACTICE EXERCISES Everyone who cooks should own a food processor. This marvelous invention is now being used by over 12 million vegetarians, compared with only half that number a couple of years ago. Vegetarians rarely have a weight problem since most vegetables are low in calories and contain little or no fat. They do not suffer a build-up of cholesterol in the bloodstream as they grow older. Some doctors have suggested a link between vegetarianism and longevity. As Americans become more health-conscious, vegetarianism will certainly become more popular. 3. The author show bias for a. eating more vegetables b. avoiding cholesterol c. eating health foods d. becoming a vegetarian America is certainly a strong military power; it now has the nuclear power to destroy the entire world. We are not the only country that has

Preschool Programs essays

Preschool Programs essays Unlike countries such as the United Kingdom, Sweden and Italy, the United States does not have a free, universal and comprehensive pre-school system. Early childhood education has been a neglected priority, to the detriment of the country's youngest citizens. After all, studies have shown that preschool and early childhood education programs have both short- and long-term positive effects on a child's physical, emotional and This paper argues that preschool programs can have a lasting impact on a child's life. Given the importance of this early foundation, the federal government should thus follow the European example and provide funding for preschool programs for the country's children. Children learn to develop fundamental motor skills in early childhood. These early motor skills later serve as foundations for more advanced movement, such as the coordination needed to play sports. Researchers believe that children need to learn early motor skills to participate successfully in more advanced activities as they grow older (Hoffman). According to researchers, the best way to develop motor development is through interaction and through ensuring ample opportunities in a student's environment. This is particularly significant for children who have difficulty developing motor skills because of biological factors or because they live in neighborhoods that are not conducive to physical play (Hoffman). Such children risk falling behind their peers in their physical Researchers thus studies whether a preschool intervention program could help children who had developmental delays in the area of motor skills. The research focused on children who had problems with locomotor and object control skills. The results of their study showed that children who were enrolled in a "compensatory preschool program" performed better in locomotor skills activities such a...

LENGUA Y LITERATURA/2

LENGUA Y LITERATURA/2 LENGUA Y LITERATURA/2 Trabajo practico: El cuento de ciencia ficcià ³n . La nocià ³n de intertextualidad . 1. Lean los recuadros de las paginas 92 y 98 del libro de texto, y respondan el siguiente cuestionario: ?Cà ³mo puede definirse el cuento de ciencia ficcià ³n ? Los cuentos de ciencia ficcià ³n son narraciones que expresan temores e ilusiones acerca del destino de la humanidad. Asà ¬, en este tipo de literatura, se crean sociedades futuras o mundos paralelos en los que suceden hechos que pueden explicarse desde la là ³gica racional de la ciencia. B ?Que preguntas sobre la ciencia produjo a la humanidad la Revolucià ³n Industrial ? Despues de la Rev. Industrial, comienza a pensarse que la ciencia tiene infinitas posibilidades de avance. Esto generà ³ esperanzas que tambien se reflejan en la literatura: ?Puede el ser humano ser mejor, vivir en un mundo mas justo, terminar con la guerra y el odio Pueden curarse todas las enfermedadesEs posible evitar la muerte? Pero tambien habà ¬an temores:   ?Tiene el ser humano derecho a manipular la vidaY si la tecnologà ¬a arruina las relaciones entre las personas?, etc. B De acuerdo al tipo de temas que aborda, ?que tipos de cuentos de ciencia ficcià ³n existen? La llamada ciencia ficcià ³n â€Å"dura†, que gira especialmente en torno a los avances, las formas y las consecuencias de la tecnologà ¬a y otra mas preocupada por las relaciones humanas y sociales. B Definan utopà ¬a ycontra utopà ¬a . Una utopà ¬a es una idea que parece imposible de realizar, inalcanzable, dentro de un mundo ideal que representa los deseos de perfeccià ³n de quien imagina ese mundo. Un mundo contra utà ³picoCONTRAUTÓPICO, sonES en los queAQUEL EN EL QUE los seres humanos, valiendose de los avances de la ciencia, destruyen las relaciones interpersonales, la naturaleza, la cultura y hasta el planeta, ya sea el propio o una colonizado. B 2. Lean el siguiente cuento: Barb a brillante De Fredric Brown Ella estaba asustada, terriblemente asustada, desde que su padre la concediera en matrimonio al extrano hombre de la barba de color encendido.  ¡Habà ¬a algo tan siniestro en el, en su gran fuerza, en sus ojos aguilenos, en el modo como la miraba†¦! Ademas corrà ¬a el rumor -sà ³lo un rumor, por supuesto- de que tuvo otras esposas y que nadie sabà ¬a lo que les habà ¬a ocurrido. Y tambien el extrano asunto del cuarto al que le prohibià ³ entrar, y ni siquiera sà ³lo asomarse al interior. Hasta hoy lo habà ¬a obedecido especialmente despues de intentar abrir la habitacià ³n y encontrarla cerrada con llave. Pero ahora esta de pie enfrente de la puerta, con la llave, o con lo que creà ¬a era la llave, en su mano. Era una llave que habà ¬a encontrado, apenas una hora antes, en el escritorio de su esposo; sin duda se deslizà ³ de uno de sus bolsillos, y parecà ¬a del tamano justo para el agujero de la cerradura de la puerta del cuarto proh ibido.

Pedagogy and Curriculum Primary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pedagogy and Curriculum Primary - Essay Example The study of mathematics is also of particular importance in the education curriculum as a whole. Mathematics offers learners with a chance to excel in other areas of interest in the curriculum. Since mathematics is wide and exciting, students of all ages, interests and capabilities. The study of mathematics enables the learner to develop skills of critical thought, analysis, problem solution, ingenuity and the capacity to think about theoretical concepts. Mathematics employs a system of numbers and symbols that permit for universal communication of ideas in a precise, explicit and accurate way. In order to be able to confront the challenges of a fast developing world, every person requires a thorough knowledge of mathematics (Donaldson, 2008). Mathematics provides learners with a myriad of skills which are necessary for work, living and education. A comprehension of the significance of mathematics in life is of utmost importance. This calls for the acknowledgement that Mathematics i s elemental throughout a person’s life and as such it should be treated as such. ... It is prerequisite for all teachers who are charged with the development of mathematical skills to familiarise themselves with the function of numeracy in mathematics and the methods that are used to develop numerical capacities in the wide variety of experiences for learners (The Scottish Government 2007). The experiences and outcomes in mathematics are segmented into three major sections; measure, number and money; movement, shape and position; and the analysis of information. The framework stresses the significance of mathematics at present and in future in the societal development and in its applicability in daily living. An elemental aspect of the mathematics framework involves developing algebraic thinking in young learners. This is informed by studies which conclude that an early introduction to algebraic thinking makes learners be more attuned to mathematical understanding and also results to learner confidence in tackling mathematical problems (The Scottish Government 2007). Experiences and outcomes will be invaluable in the practical aspects of teaching since they show how mathematics is used in real life situations such as gambling and probability. These experiences and outcomes will enable learners see the practicality of attaining mathematical skills for life decisions. Aspects of Effectual Teaching and Learning in the Mathematics Framework From the start of young people starting to learn, it is important that teachers make learners have success in mathematics. This should be done through developing their self-confidence so that they are able to accept risks, query, and be creative enough to investigate different methods devoid of the apprehension of being incorrect. Learners who are not afraid of being wrong will be able to explore and will enjoy the

Computer Software Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Computer Software Taxation - Essay Example As a preliminary matter, it must be noted that attempts to tax computer software have long been particularly troublesome. How a taxing authority decides to classify sales transactions involving computer software determines whether it will be subjected to sales/use tax or treated as exempt. It is here that, in attempting to classify computer software, a number of state authorities and judicial bodies have struggled to forge a uniform approach. Uniformity and consistency, to be certain, have proven elusive ideals. This essay will examine the sales/use tax implications for transfers of computer software, particularly to the electronic delivery of computer software, in an effort to demonstrate how more consistency and uniformity might be brought to the issue. In order to understand how electronic delivery has become an interesting issue, however, it is first important to understand how and why the electronic delivery of computer software has become a viable option for avoiding the imposition of sales tax in some jurisdictions. States began to implement sales/use tax schemes beginning in the 1930s in an effort to raise revenues (Morse, 1997). These taxes were levied on retail sales made within the states, they developed into a primary source of revenue for the states, and the mobility of the internet and computer software has since then made many states quite eager to apply their sales taxes to this burgeoning area of commerce. A sales tax is designed to impose an excise tax for retail transactions within a state whereas the use tax is designed to impose an excise tax for goods purchased outside of a state but subsequently used or maintained within the state. The taxes in this way are complementary. That states became extraordinarily interested in imposing sales taxes on an emerging industry is hardly surprising. What is surprising, on the other hand, is the tremendous conflict generated by attempts to tax transactions involving computer software. Legislation and regulations were rushed through; frequent m odifications were required because the implications of certain policies, both legally and economically, were not well-considered in advance. In many respects, the relationship between sales taxes and sales of computer software has been messy at best, and nearly incomprehensible at times. In Ohio, a sales tax was enacted in 1934. As noted by a leading tax practitioner, When Ohio sales tax was first imposed, and for many years thereafter, the taxes applied to all sales of tangible personal property unless otherwise exempt. This prompted many disputes over the nature of the transaction: tangible personal property, real property or a service. The latter two were not listed as potentially taxable sales. Historically, the exclusion from personal, professional and insurance services has been provided in R.C. 5739.01(B) (last para.). Judicial tests developed to help taxpayers make meaningful distinctions among the various types of transactions (tangible personal property vs. real property vs. services) for sales tax purposes (Ehler, 2007: 1). Nearly every state,

Australian Women Workforce Participation and Childcare from 5 to 12 Research Paper

Australian Women Workforce Participation and Childcare from 5 to 12 - Research Paper Example In this case; the research question will be; what is it to be a woman with childcare responsibilities while working in the social market? Presently, there is no appropriate literature that can improve our understanding of the experiences of women with both family and childcare responsibilities. It is because the knowledge on the experience presently is from the minor evidence of unguided past research and other prevailing practices. Thus, the inquiry process starts with the knowledge gap presented by the prior misguided research on the issue at hand. Women point of view may be that they provide quality services to the social work despite pressure from the childcare responsibilities. Hence, following that there is no evidence to support this view, an original research might contrast their opinion. Therefore, this methodology focuses on idiographic. Its objective is to provide insight into how women in the social works make sense in the phenomenon or if they effectively contribute to a ccomplishing their responsibilities. The methodology is appropriate because it relates to the experiences of some individual’s significance like life events or an important relationship development (Hays & Singh, 2012). Interpretive phenomenology is significant in the fact that it helps in understanding the people’s lived experiences and establishes the everyday phenomena’s meanings in their lives, ideas and thoughts. Observations or interviews can generate a rich description of the individual’s lived experiences and providing a substantive data in identifying the key metaphors and main themes of the events and the phenomena in question.

Truth About Food Labels Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Truth About Food Labels - Assignment Example So lets study five categories of deceptive food tags one can encounter to the grocery store, to guarantee one does not play into the hands of vendors. Animal food products like meat and eggs, branded as "natural" must be minimally processed and comprise non-natural elements. Nevertheless, the natural label does not consist of any ideals concerning farm practices and simply applies to processing of meat and egg products. There are no principles or guidelines for the labeling of natural food products if they do not contain meat or eggs." That pretty much explains it all and expounds how Frito-Lay, owned by PepsiCo (PEP) , promotes "all-natural" Cheetos by lightly redefining the term as "No additives, no non-natural flavors, and no synthetic colors." Unless supervisory bodies step up administration, the industry will have to police itself. There is hope for improvement, however. Increasing pressure -- together with lawsuits -- mandated PepsiCo to alter its "Simply Natural" chip merchandises to "Simply" without altering ingredients. In August 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration came up with a final rule defining the term for voluntary use. According to the rule, labels were to be brought to compliance defining food as either gluten free; or does not comprise an ingredient that is gluten-having grain, derived from a gluten-containing grain that has been processed to eliminate gluten, if the usage of that ingredient leads in the manifestation of 20 parts per million (ppm) or more gluten in the food. Also, any inevitable presence of gluten in the food must be less than 20 ppm." It is shocking to realize that Dominos Pizza offers gluten-free crusts that agree with the new canons. Unfortunately, one has to lob most other pizza offerings aside.  

Online Booking for Cinema Tickets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online Booking for Cinema Tickets - Essay Example He will then be able to choose the number of tickets he wants to purchase and the type of ticket he needs. After he makes his choices, he will be asked to submit his email address for confirmation purposes, and to receive his payment details. Before he enters his payment details, he can cancel the booking process or make changes to his selection. Either he is asked for his credit card details or switch card issue number for payment mode. (www.gulfcinema.com/home.php) The biggest cinema chain in the United Kingdom, Odeon (www.odeon.co.uk), is a prime example of those which allow on-line booking for tickets. Although the review on its website design is critical (www.computing.co.uk, 2006), there is still plenty of content here that are useful to customers. Everything is explained simply and clearly, and the site is secure. Online booking allows the customer personalized booking, wherein he can make changes with his choices without having to deal with an irate and exhausted operator. Usually, he would also receive regular email updates from the cinema where he buys his tickets. Online booking also allows the customer to avoid long queues. Internet is so easy to use that a click of the mouse will take the customer to his desired website. Besides, internet has many extras to offer compared to the telephone line system.

Australian Women Workforce Participation and Childcare from 5 to 12 Research Paper

Australian Women Workforce Participation and Childcare from 5 to 12 - Research Paper Example In this case; the research question will be; what is it to be a woman with childcare responsibilities while working in the social market? Presently, there is no appropriate literature that can improve our understanding of the experiences of women with both family and childcare responsibilities. It is because the knowledge on the experience presently is from the minor evidence of unguided past research and other prevailing practices. Thus, the inquiry process starts with the knowledge gap presented by the prior misguided research on the issue at hand. Women point of view may be that they provide quality services to the social work despite pressure from the childcare responsibilities. Hence, following that there is no evidence to support this view, an original research might contrast their opinion. Therefore, this methodology focuses on idiographic. Its objective is to provide insight into how women in the social works make sense in the phenomenon or if they effectively contribute to a ccomplishing their responsibilities. The methodology is appropriate because it relates to the experiences of some individual’s significance like life events or an important relationship development (Hays & Singh, 2012). Interpretive phenomenology is significant in the fact that it helps in understanding the people’s lived experiences and establishes the everyday phenomena’s meanings in their lives, ideas and thoughts. Observations or interviews can generate a rich description of the individual’s lived experiences and providing a substantive data in identifying the key metaphors and main themes of the events and the phenomena in question.

Online Booking for Cinema Tickets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online Booking for Cinema Tickets - Essay Example He will then be able to choose the number of tickets he wants to purchase and the type of ticket he needs. After he makes his choices, he will be asked to submit his email address for confirmation purposes, and to receive his payment details. Before he enters his payment details, he can cancel the booking process or make changes to his selection. Either he is asked for his credit card details or switch card issue number for payment mode. (www.gulfcinema.com/home.php) The biggest cinema chain in the United Kingdom, Odeon (www.odeon.co.uk), is a prime example of those which allow on-line booking for tickets. Although the review on its website design is critical (www.computing.co.uk, 2006), there is still plenty of content here that are useful to customers. Everything is explained simply and clearly, and the site is secure. Online booking allows the customer personalized booking, wherein he can make changes with his choices without having to deal with an irate and exhausted operator. Usually, he would also receive regular email updates from the cinema where he buys his tickets. Online booking also allows the customer to avoid long queues. Internet is so easy to use that a click of the mouse will take the customer to his desired website. Besides, internet has many extras to offer compared to the telephone line system.

Enhancing Employee Job Satisfaction Essay Example for Free

Enhancing Employee Job Satisfaction Essay 1.Executive Summary Communication problems often become apparent due to their consequences. If a department suffers from high staff turnover, this often can be a sign of poor communication between and supervisor and the team. If the team doesn’t understand what is expected from them, received unclear instructions or is not sure about the overall strategy and why they are asked to do what they do – all issues down to poor communication – they often feel dissatisfied and this can result in employees leaving the business after a relatively short period of time. Another cause that can justify reviewing if there are any departmental communication problems is low motivation, productivity and poor business performance. If staff does not receive the information they require or do not feel appreciated, valued and kept informed they might not go the ‘extra mile’ for their employer. They might feel frustrated and can’t see the point of what they are doing and this in turn leads to poor performance. Open and regular disagreements between managers and the team, such as open conflict or rejected appraisals, are also a clear sign of communication issues and should be looked into. But suspecting that a departmental issue is down to poor communication is not sufficient to bring improvement about. Once you suspect that there are communication problems how do you find out for sure enabling you to target them? A good method of identifying if there are communication problems is to talk to the involved parties and try to gain an understanding about their opinion. Why do they think the department underperforms? Do they feel they get all the information and feedback they need to do the job? What would they change if they could? Are their opinions heard and accepted? I is important to keep this feedback confidential in order to ensure that honest feedback is received either through anonymous surveys or through individual conversations with a neutral party such as an HR manager. Another method is to question staff about the things they should know, e.g. how their work fits in with the business strategy and why they do what they do. If they are not able to answer these questions, it is likely that communication is insufficient or ineffective. Identifying communication problems between managers and staff can be easily identified using above suggestions. By rectifying these major positive impacts on business performance and employee satisfaction can be achieved. A final suggestion on how to identify communication problems between managers and staff is to observe how both parties interact. Are conversations kept courteous and respectful and show trust or are they sharp and without showing signs of a good relationship. Body language should also be observed to identify if both parties listen to each other and communicate effectively or if information is not taken in and heard or offered effectively. A review of the key communication channels used can also be very valuable, e.g. email should be used for clear step to step instructions to ensure understanding, but at the same time direct communication face-to-face or per telephone is needed to ensure a relationship is developing and queries can be easily resolved. 2.Background of the study To avoid the consequences of job dissatisfaction. Employees lack motivation, perform poorly and possess negative attitudes means that they are dissatisfaction on the jobs. These symptoms can directly affect a company’s profit and vision. We should understand the reasons why employees are unhappy at work. Understanding the causes can help us find the right solutions. To improve employee motivation and performance, we wonder how to get employees to work with a higher degree of effort. What motivates an employee to perform varies from employee to employee. Some people work to satisfy needs, meet goals or fulfill accomplishments. Motivation to perform is not a rule that can be enforced; it comes from within the employee. To inspire motivation, we must create a work environment that encourages employees to feel motivated. Improve employees’ engagement to prevent unhappiness, turnover and even profit declines. To improve teamwork, is to realize the importance of teamwork and become proactive about having colleagues work together as an important element of the business. We need to improve and enhancing employee’s job satisfaction, engagement, collaboration and teamwork to resulting in increased productivity. Employees are a companys livelihood. How they feel about the work they are doing and the results received from that work directly impact company’s performance and, ultimately, its stability. For instance, if employees are highly motivated and proactive, they will do whatever is necessary to achieve the goals as well as keep track of performance to address any potential challenges. Employees have low motivation is completely vulnerable to both internal and external challenges because its employees are not going the extra mile to maintain the company stability. An unstable ultimately underperforms. 3. Introduction and background of Hotel 3.1 Introduction background of Hotel We are one of Hong Kongs best designed hotel are perfect choice for travelers who demand the best short term stay and long term accommodation. Since we opened in 1997, our hotel in central Hong Kong has been recognized by guests and the hospitality industry for its outstanding performance. The 350 guest rooms are all tastefully furnished and are completed direct telephone line with voice mail. Our equipped kitchenettes include microwave, induction cooker and refrigerator and broadband internet access are available in our hotel. Location Situated in the heart of Hong Kong Island, superbly located in the mid-levels commanding spectacular views of Hong Kong Island and Victoria harbor. It is also a prestigious address that enjoys the proximity to prime business districts of Central and Admiralty. Attraction The Hong Kong Park and Botanical Garden are in the proximity, with lush greenery and ample open space nearby Central MTR station and Hong Kongs popular nightspot Lan Kwai Fong are also within 10 minutes walking distance. Well connected by public transport to the main shopping district areas, Causeway Bay Hong Kong. It is perfectly located in an area with a mix of history, art culture, and a touch of stylish contemporary. Antique shops, art galleries and designers boutiques scattered around, together with high rise office buildings, massive shopping centre and party venues of Lan Kwai Fong and SoHo. 3.2 Hotel Structure The Hotel structure thats split into two basic groups: administrative and operations. The administrative side of the structure includes such departments as sales and marketing, accounting and human resources. The operations side is generally split further into food and beverage and rooms. Both administration and operations report to the general manager. The administrative group is fairly straightforward. Any function that does not consistently interact with the guests or impact the service level falls into this group. The operations group is a bit more complicated. Food and beverage, for instance, might include the hotels restaurants, bars, nightclubs, banquets department, catering department and sometimes room service. Rooms might include the front desk and front-door personnel, housekeeping, concierge, guest services and sometimes security and engineering. Human Resources Department The human resources department plays a vital role in a hotel’s efficient operation. The functions of the human resources department are employee recruitment, benefits administration and training. Although the human resources department recruits, interviews, and screens prospective employees, the final hiring decision rests within the department in which the potential employee will be working. Accounting Department The accounting department’s responsibilities are include recording financial transactions, preparing and interpreting financial statements and providing the managers of other departments with timely reports of operating results. Other responsibilities, carried out by the assistant controller for finance, include payroll preparation, ac-counts receivable, and accounts payable. Rooms Department Responsibilities of the rooms department include reservations, guest reception, room assignment, tracking the status of rooms (available or occupied), prompt forwarding of mail and phone messages, security, housekeeping of guest rooms and public spaces such as lobbies, and answering guests’ questions. This very department provides the services guests expect during their stay in the Hotel. The front office is usually considered one of the most important departments in a hotel because that is where the most interaction with the hotel guests takes place. Frequent and consistent communication among front-office functions is critical. Reservations, for instance, must communicate with the front desk each day about the number of rooms that have been presold. The front desk must communicate with housekeeping staff members to let them know when guests check out. Management for all front-office departments must stress consistent and frequent communication to ensure a smooth-running operation. The housekeeping department is vital to attracting and keeping guests through its role of maintaining top quality decor, cleanliness and service. The housekeeping department includes many roles in the service staff of a hotel. Aside from room attendants, who tend to room cleanliness, the department includes gardeners, maintenance men, bellhops, laundry staff and floor managers, as well as, occasionally, customer service professionals. Food and Beverage Department Food and beverage department is to provide food and drink to a hotel’s guests. Arrange multiple events scheduled for the guest. A coffee shop, gourmet restaurant, room service, banquet halls and function rooms where food and beverages are served. This department is an integral place in the hotel which is responsible for the systematic and the actual Service of food and beverage to the general public or customers as per the order in any F B outlets. Marketing and Sales Department The marketing and sales department’s managers who make up the marketing and sales department are sales, or the selling of the hotel facilities and services to individuals and groups. Sales managers sell rooms, food, and beverages to potential clients through advertising, attendance at association and conference meetings and direct contacts. The marketing and sales department is also removed from most of the day-to-day operational problems faced by other departments. The division of work among the sales managers is based on the type of customers a hotel is attempting to attract. Engineering Department The engineering department’s responsibilities include preventive maintenance; repair; replacement; improvement and modification to furniture, fixtures, and equipment; and ensuring uninterrupted provision of utilities (gas, electricity, water). Preventive maintenance involves routine checks and inspection of the key components of all equipment. Maintenance of recreational facilities may be part of the engineering department’s responsibilities. the engineering department’s responsibilities include preventive maintenance; repair; replacement; improvement and modification to furniture, fixtures, and equipment (FFE); and ensuring uninterrupted provision of utilities (gas, electricity, water). Organization Chart Appendix I 4.Methodologies 4.1 Questionnaire (anonymous) A staff questionnaire is an effective tool used to find out what the employees feel about the organization, it policies, work environment, job responsibilities, co-workers, superiors etc. In any work environment, it is important for the upper management to be aware of what its staff wants and expects; this will lead to better retention of employees and a mutually productive relationship between the staff and the boss. Staff questionnaires to discover what are employees really thinking. These are completed on an anonymous basis usually once or twice a year. Because the employees cant be identified we are more likely to get honest answers. This information can be revealing; it may also help to tackle hidden problems quickly and, more importantly, before staff gets blown out of proportion. Sample of Questionnaire Appendix II 5.Analysis finding of current problems 5.1Problems in communications Some employees might also be afraid or not feel comfortable to speak up about problems they are having with other co-workers. Some employees might think that if they speak up about trouble they are having they will be frowned upon for future projects. 5.2Employees initiative and commitment Some employee not willing to handle multiple tasks, responsibilities and take on new challenges. Hidden interest in and no enthusiasm for the job and completes assignments slowly and non-efficiently. Not able to adapt to new situations and changing work priorities and responsibilities when needed. 5.3Employee job dissatisfaction Staff expects to get a commensurate reward. The wage should be fair, reasonable and equitable. Employees who feel stuck in their job position are less motivated to maintain high productivity. Managers with poor leadership skills tend to offer little feedback on employees’ performances. 5.4Inter-department conflicts A manager or employee will know an important piece of information, and assume that because he knows it, then everyone else must know it as well. 5.5Employees’ behavior Employees feel threatened by fellow employees, experience workplace burnout, lack respect for management and feel unappreciated. 6. Conclusion Businesses without effective staff communication suffer from lost profits, poor productivity and poor employee morale. In order to solve many business problems, employees need to be able to collaborate and cooperate effectively. Good communication can encourage employees to work harder, solve problems together and work towards a common goal. It is the job of every supervisor, manager or boss to make sure employees are communicating effectively. If a department suffers from high staff turnover, this often can be a sign of poor communication between and supervisor and the team. If the team doesn’t understand what is expected from them, received unclear instructions or is not sure about the overall strategy and why they are asked to do what they do – all issues down to poor communication – they often feel dissatisfied and this can result in employees leaving the business after a relatively short period of time. Another cause that can justify reviewing if there are any departmental communication problems is low motivation, productivity and poor business performance. If staff does not receive the information they require or do not feel appreciated, valued and kept informed they might not go the ‘extra mile’ for their employer. They might feel frustrated and can’t see the point of what they are doing and this in turn leads to poor performance. Employees feel dissatisfied with their jobs at one point or another. Some employees leave their jobs for better opportunities, while others choose to stay. Employees with low job satisfaction can negatively affect a company because they typically lack motivation, perform poorly and possess negative attitudes. These symptoms can directly affect a company’s bottom line. Managers should understand the reasons employees are unhappy at work. Understanding the causes can help managers find the right solutions. One of the primary reasons for job dissatisfaction results from companies underpaying workers. The stress of paying bills with limited income causes many workers to feel dissatisfied with their jobs. A lack of career growth and advancement is another reason why employees are dissatisfied at their jobs. Employees who feel stuck in their job position are less motivated to maintain high productivity than those who do not. Workers feel valued when employers include them in their long-term plans and show their appreciation through promotions. Employees who move up in an organization and receive just compensation to reflect their title and responsibility changes usually commit themselves to the company for the long term. A lack of interest in the work is another reason why employees are unhappy. Most employees want to perform job duties that are engaging and challenging. Monotonous work causes an employee to experience boredom. Bored and unchallenged employees experience little incentive to concern themselves with workplace productivity. The nature of employees work accounts for the most situational influence in workplace satisfaction. A key reason employees perform poorly in the workplace is poor management. Managers with poor leadership skills tend to offer little feedback on employees’ performances. Micromanaging and dictating to employees instead of motivating them can cause a decrease in employee productivity. Poor communication is one of the main causes of conflict between employees in the workplace. This can result in a difference in communication styles or a failure to communicate. For example, a manager reassigned an employee’s task to the employee’s co-worker but failed to communicate the reassignment to the employee. This may cause the employee to feel slighted, which can transform into animosity among the two employees and the manager. Failing to communicate in the workplace may cause employees to make incorrect assumptions and believe workplace gossip. Poor communication in the workplace not only causes conflict but decreases productivity and employee morale.

Impact Of Quantitative Easing On The Uk Economy Economics Essay

Impact Of Quantitative Easing On The Uk Economy Economics Essay This research proposal focuses on the concept and practice of Quantitative easing in context of UKs economy. The literature consists of elaboration of the need of using Quantitative easing to save Britain economy from recent global economic crises. It further explains the impact as well and covers all major areas which can have its effect. Economic downturn leads to apply the Quantitative easing which can be done through asset purchasing, lowering the interest rate and most importantly injecting cash directly into the economy. Recently world has suffered global economic recession which forced almost every country to take appropriate measures such as supplying more money into the economy. The recession badly effected UKs economy among all. Monetary Policy Committee adopted Quantitative easing measures under the authority of Bank of England in order to stabilize the economy and save UKs economy from the economic crisis. It is the role of Bank of England to maintain the stability of UK financial system and its economy. In the recent economic recession the new banking act has increased the powers of Bank of England which have authority to bank financial services and the market to actually deal with this stress situation. Monetary Policy Committee decreases the bank rate to 0.5%. In January 2008 the bank rate was 5.50% which continue to fluctuate and finally in 2009 it started with 1.50% and ended up as a reduction to 0.5%. (Source: www.bankofengland.co.uk). They are also focusing to have a low and stable inflation in order to do that a target has been set to keep inflation at 2% by the UK Government. Lowering the bank rate will take time to keep inflation in control. So there is a need to look ahead and decide an appropriate monetary policy. This leads Bank of England to decide purchasing of assets such as Government and corporate bonds so that the money supply will increase or they will purchase assets from private sector such as insurance companies or non-financial companies by crediting their account. Money can be in two forms either cash or bank deposits so in other words the focus in this policy will be to increase reserves of banks and the spending which ultimately lead to more flow of money in wider economy. According to Monetary Policy Committee the asset purchase will decrease the issues about liquidity and it will give companies sort of confidence so that they can borrow directly from the capital market. The Committee also defined a measured criteria related to supply of money so that it cannot increase beyond a certain limit and if the inflation target set by the Government will rise then monetary policy will use strict measures such as increasing bank rate or selling back the assets purchased to the market. (Source: Monetary Policy: www.bankofengland.co.uk) Rational of the Research topic: The research on this proposed topic is selected because of my own personal interest in the financial and economic systems especially of UK. The recent recession has affected everyone directly or indirectly the people suffered because of unemployment and low incomes. This actually directed my interest to know about the crises and the measures taken by authorities. It also provoked me to explore and gain comprehensive understanding about Quantitative easing. My previous research proposal during study was related to economic system of Pakistan and the role of State Bank of Pakistan this also initiate my interest in topic . After coming to UK the crises of economy was selling like hot cakes so it forced me to read articles and journals about the crises. This actually gave me an insight about the measures taken by Bank of England. Research Questions: Most importantly this research proposes the examination of a basic question: how successful Quantitative easing is in the stability of UK economy? Apart from this question it actually raises other questions as well such as: How the decrease in bank rate will reduce inflation in UK? What will be the criteria to control supply of money if it increases more than desired target? How will we know if the asset purchases are working? Will the performance of the banks increase? Will it be easy for companies to borrow direct from the market? Research Objectives: The basic objective of this research is to critically evaluate the Quantitative easing and its impact on UK economy. By analyzing of this process the research will intend to gain broad knowledge and insight about different monetary policies implied by Bank of England. How Quantitative easing increase the spending for companies and the flow of money which ultimately leads to a stable economy. Literature Review: The literature provided here is not conclusive because there is more to observe and discover in order to collect and review the literature. The nature of the topic is contemporary and current therefore more literature can be achieved by the passage of time. Norma Cohen (2009) stated that although Monetary Policy Committee has confidence in their Quantitative easing strategy to boost nominal demand but total lending to businesses further decreases. The consumer credit continued to shrink and uncollectable consumer loans increased. The Bank of England reported that the growth of money is on its slowest rate since December 2004. The borrowing also showing seasonal decline the size of this decline is more than expected. So Monetary Policy Committee should put more focus on measuring and increasing growth of money. (Source: www.bankofengland.co.uk) Daniel Pimlott (2009) expressed a view in his article in Financial Times that household disposable income has increased 1.2% in end of December and it has pushed saving ratio to 8.6%. He provides the reason in this rise that Bank of England decided to avoid rise in value added tax which ultimately enable people to save more without affecting the power of spending. He presented a view that such quick rise in saving suggests that UK economy may be closer to stabilize. There are clear signs that economy is improving in Britain due the measures of quantitative easing. The labor market is performing well comparing to the previous quarter and industrial production is rising considering the growth in both manufacturing and services industry because the Bank of England Policy of creating flow of spending and increasing the banks borrowing. (The Economist, November 12th, 2009) Mervyn King (2009) the Governor of Bank of England said in a press conference in November while presenting quarterly inflation report that UK economy facing delays in balance sheet adjustment. In order to rebalance UK economy needs to get away from private and public sector towards exports. The reduction in exchange rates is helping to smooth this process and the substantial reduction in fiscal deficit is quite clear. The Quantitative easing strategy of purchasing assets is proved handy but it is much smaller. Andrew Oxlade (2009) a well-known financial analyst wrote an article Recession Watch. He analyzed the impact of quantitative easing on UK economy and said that although the policy of Spending and Borrowing by the committee is core to get out of the recession but the investment fell and unemployment increases. Inflation is getting a bit high due the increase in oil price. Dr. Ros Altmann (2009) suggested that buying the gilts is not a proper way to ease the recession. Bank of England should emphasis on buying corporate bonds. So operating quantitative easing through buying gilts is not working efficiently. She further presented a view that buying gilts will increase the leak of money into overseas bond markets. But if they put more emphasize on buying corporate bonds then they can get money directly to the companies. Edward Hadas (2009) in his article on Telegraph analyzed that although the loan losses are increased but the aid provided by the Bank of England is massive which include minimal interest rate and sufficient supply of money. This is actually helping the economy to get a way out of recession. The liquidity push has given confidence to the investors in the form of cash to put in the market. Although the GDP was falling but now it has fallen less in few recent months. Economy is declining in a moderate way that suggests that the growth is coming back slowly. This is all due to the measures taken by the authorities such as Bank of England. Richard Taylor (2009) argued that there has been a major increase in business accounts in the banks. The new businesses are being started very quickly and it has exceeded the figures in last year. Richard Blackden (2009) analyzed the Delloitte Warns review and said that figures shows that the economy shrinks than the previous quarter and fears that the economy could go back to the recession. Methodology: The analysis of Quantitative easing and its impact on UK economy is based on further research only through this we can analyze the impact and its nature. There is a need to look through the process in order to evaluate the affect. Thats why the nature of this research proposed exploratory rather explanatory. The theory actually examines the continuity of the process and measures the trends in the market and the economic system of UK. There is also important to adopt qualitative research approach in order to include some focus groups like general population and banks to know the progress and relief. Observation method can be done in order to know the content and statistics about the topic. In order to know the effects of quantitative easing in the economy causal research is also handy so that the effects of different policies implied by Bank of England can be analyzed. A combination of in-depth interviews by financial experts and analysts and method of observation can also be used in order to address the research proposal. Interviews of experts can have structured interview based on specific questions and should include predetermined questions. There is a need to have a clear idea about the topic and should analyze facts and figures published by different financial institutions of UK. Data Collection Methods: While collecting the data through observation method the researcher needs to address the right source for that. The researcher will need to consider and monitor the continuity of the process of quantitative easing and could gather data by different articles and newspapers. The researcher also has to look through the facts and figures on different short periods of times. This can be done by obtaining data from bank of England quarterly report which includes all the figures related to topic. The focus should be on banks performance and overall economy considering the unemployment and inflation and household income. In order to know that quantitative easing is really working there is a need to consider previous quarterly reports as well and then do a comparison. This will help to simply and precise the data collection and the data collected by this will be valid as well. Moreover in-depth interviews can be done through telephones or meeting directly to financial experts to gather their opinions. Telephones interviews should be recorded on tape and while conducting direct interviews the important points should be noted down on paper. In such data collection method, interviewee is given the opportunity to talk freely about the topic. The interviews duration should not be more than half an hour for utilizing time a set of questions should be prepared prior to the interviews. Analysis of Data: The research consists of in-depth interviews as well as considering the observations and obtaining the facts and figure in the analysis. That is why the research purposes both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. Obtaining the facts and figures through observation will require managing the data and then statistical analysis. This can be done through using the Microsoft Excel spread sheet which can show graphical presentation of the data as well. In-depth interviews of experts will include qualitative approach based on the theory purposed by Miles and Huberman (1994) consists of components, procedures and outcomes. Components will include gathering data then its reduction and verification procedures include the coding, categorization, comparison and interpretation and outcomes gives explanation and description of the results. Resource Requirement: The most of the literature review will be obtained from newspaper articles and television news and press conferences. The fieldwork will include extensive use of internet facilities and also telephone. The interviews will include telephonic and direct meeting depending on interviewee convenience and preference. The topic of research is actually contemporary issue thats why newspaper reading is essential on regular basis. As there is need to conduct the interviews of financial experts so the researcher need to organize visit to some large banks such as Lloyds and Barclays. The visit can be to the head offices of these banks or to the main branches where the researcher can interview any senior correspondent of the bank. There is a need to get appointment prior to the visit. Gantt chart: (Week Commencing 18 January, 2010) Activity Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 w/k commencing 18 25 1 8 15 22 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 Read literature ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- Objective ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- Proposal ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- Strategy Method ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- Collection of Articles ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- Develop Questions for interview ÃÆ'- Taking appointment ÃÆ'- Interview to Lloyds, Barclays financial Analysts ÃÆ'- Comparison ÃÆ'- Gather data ÃÆ'- Analyze data ÃÆ'- Update literature ÃÆ'- ÃÆ'- Finalize data ÃÆ'- Draft to supervisor ÃÆ'- Revise draft ÃÆ'- Print Bind ÃÆ'- Submission ÃÆ'-

The Dark Humor of Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Dark Humor of Hamlet  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's black humor is a direct result of too much anger: it leads to the alienation, and finally the death of the people who know him, and eventually causes his own death. First, Hamlet's reaction his mother's marriage right after Old Hamlet's funeral shows that his anger alienates him from his mother. Second, his reaction to Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern is his indirect anger to the world, because Hamlet feels that everyone is betraying and using him. Lastly, the anger towards Gertrude is expressed in conversations with Ophelia which eventually leads to her death.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet tells Horatio that the food served in the funeral will be the same served in his mother's wedding. " The funeral baked meats Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables." (Act 1, Scene 11, Line 180) It shows that Hamlet is really disturbed about his mother marrying his uncle the day after his father's death. Later on in the story, he loses his temper with his mother. "Mother, for your love of grace, Lay not the flattering unaction to your soul, That no...

Free College Essays - The Forest as a Symbol of Freedom in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: free essay writer

The Scarlet Letter - The Forest as a Symbol of Freedom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Wilt thou let me be at peace, if I once tell thee?† asked Hester. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, life is centered around a stiff Puritan society in which one can not indulge in their deepest thoughts. Puritan society does not let human beings show how they really feel. Therefore Hester had to seek refuge to explore her inner thoughts, such as the forest. In the forest Hester brings out many hidden emotions, Hester shows her love for Dimmsdale, and the forest is a place where the both of them may have an open conversation without the constraints of Puritan society. The forest is a symbol of freedom. Nobody ever watched over the forest as a place of misbehavior, that is why people went there to do what they wanted. â€Å"Throw off the shackles of law and religion. What good have they done you anyway? Look at you, a young and vibrant women, grown old before your time. And no wonder, hemmed in, as you are, on every side of prohibitions. Why, you can hardly walk without tripping over the commandment or another. Come to me, and be masterless.† Of coarse Hester takes advantage of this when she meets with Dimmsdale in the forest. She talks to him about things they could never imagine to discuss in any other place except the forest. â€Å"What we did had a concecration of its own, we felt it so, we said to eachother.† Dimmsdale is shocked and tries to hush Hester but realizes he is in the safety of the forest and no one else may hear them. Just the thought of Hester speaking to Dimmsdale in their society is un mentionable. Yet in the fore st they may feel free to do as they wish and not have to worry about any one else knowing. In Puritan society every one is assumed to be selfrelient. The puritans believe that you should have yourself to depend on emotionally, spiritually, and physically. Therefore Hester could never show her true emotions to Dimmsdale or for them to comfort each other. In the forest all of these cares are thrown away. â€Å"Be though strong for me, advise me what to do.† This is Dimmsdale’s cry for help to Hester, which they could never discuss in their Puritan village. When he asks her for help he shows that he thinks of Hester as an equal and he is not above her in any way. Free College Essays - The Forest as a Symbol of Freedom in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter :: free essay writer The Scarlet Letter - The Forest as a Symbol of Freedom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Wilt thou let me be at peace, if I once tell thee?† asked Hester. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, life is centered around a stiff Puritan society in which one can not indulge in their deepest thoughts. Puritan society does not let human beings show how they really feel. Therefore Hester had to seek refuge to explore her inner thoughts, such as the forest. In the forest Hester brings out many hidden emotions, Hester shows her love for Dimmsdale, and the forest is a place where the both of them may have an open conversation without the constraints of Puritan society. The forest is a symbol of freedom. Nobody ever watched over the forest as a place of misbehavior, that is why people went there to do what they wanted. â€Å"Throw off the shackles of law and religion. What good have they done you anyway? Look at you, a young and vibrant women, grown old before your time. And no wonder, hemmed in, as you are, on every side of prohibitions. Why, you can hardly walk without tripping over the commandment or another. Come to me, and be masterless.† Of coarse Hester takes advantage of this when she meets with Dimmsdale in the forest. She talks to him about things they could never imagine to discuss in any other place except the forest. â€Å"What we did had a concecration of its own, we felt it so, we said to eachother.† Dimmsdale is shocked and tries to hush Hester but realizes he is in the safety of the forest and no one else may hear them. Just the thought of Hester speaking to Dimmsdale in their society is un mentionable. Yet in the fore st they may feel free to do as they wish and not have to worry about any one else knowing. In Puritan society every one is assumed to be selfrelient. The puritans believe that you should have yourself to depend on emotionally, spiritually, and physically. Therefore Hester could never show her true emotions to Dimmsdale or for them to comfort each other. In the forest all of these cares are thrown away. â€Å"Be though strong for me, advise me what to do.† This is Dimmsdale’s cry for help to Hester, which they could never discuss in their Puritan village. When he asks her for help he shows that he thinks of Hester as an equal and he is not above her in any way.