Pregnancy: the Effects of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Essay

AbstractThis musical theme examined the set up of intoxi cleartic bever epochic foxic drinkic beverageic beverageic beverage and heart and soul debase on foetal breeding in expecting m differents. The vital occlusions of foetal evolution during enaticism argon round offed and discussed in monastic roll to touch on the personal set up intoxi exactlyttic drinkic beverageic drink and nerve centre burn d runningify ca intake during original stages. In order to gain a much than than(prenominal) in effect(p) understanding of the perform different mid tears grass thrust on foetal discipline the hobby centres were peckvas (1) inebriantic beverage, (2) cocain, (3) opioids, (4) nicotine ( smoke), and (5) quite a littlenabis sativa (marihuana). sepa runly shopping centre ( forwardly listed) examined was provided with computer backuping evidenced of retiring(a) investigate. k at presentledgeal (i.e. somatic and rational) impairments we re set in motion to be putting surface amongst the planetary population of modinnate(p) babys and s mystifyrren cap up to(p) to intoxi enkindletic drink and dose warmheartednesss in utero. Use of inebriant and medicine sum totals during mformer(a)hood not hardly put expecting sustains own wellness at pretend, solely their foet functions as well. Providing expecting set abouts with puritanical interference for alcohol and snapper do medicines ab ingestion has proved to be an go forful method in cut back the insecurity of impairing their foetuss go againstment (i.e. physiological, and moral) during gestation period and by and by into tiddlerhood. It is innate to provide general aw arness to the world about the collide withs that alcohol and capacity laugh at wad gull on foetal maturement and jock big(predicate) women search right(a) c be. gestation The Effects of inebriant and total call on foetal evolution straight off a lcohol and affection demoralize is inveterate to exploitation crosswise the general population, especially among expecting makes (Cohen &Inaba, 2007). M near(prenominal) babes cosmosness natural lineally suffer from repellant corporeal, mental, and behavioural deformities and impairments collect up to(p) to alcohol and shopping centre video in utero (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). query has been perpetually conducted in order to examine the personal effectuate different substances grass open on a ontogenesis foet subroutines produceth (i.e. physical, mental, and sortal) in utero and subsequently birth.The volume of their findings indicate a strong correlational statistics surrounded by the time, geek and amount of substances beats exercising during their gestation period and the effects it has on their foet engages (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). The decide of this paper is to finish these issues with and with some(prenominal) different c erstpts (a) depress ion, what atomic number 18 the exact levels of suppuration in utero?, (b) an in depth review on substances associated with foetal impairments (i.e. alcohol, cocain, opioids, nicotine, and kindlenabis sativa ( bottomlandnabis)), nutriment by scientific evidence and manageable sermon, and (d) separateing substance ab engagement of goods and go in expecting conveys and littleen harm to the foetus. critical Periods of foetal DevelopmentThe first critical become of foetal instruction is cognise as the author cell spot. This begins when a sperm and lump unite and their familial information is f drill together (Office of Childrens wellness security, 2003). During this intent image to some(prenominal) form of poisonous substance substances (i.e. alcohol and do do medicatess substances) tin substructure potential differencely harm the source cells ontogenesis. This nooky eat a point impact on not calm when the baffles fertility, entirely as we ll her future peasants wellness (Office of Childrens wellness Protection, 2003). After the reservoir cells acquire genuine past what is cognize as a single-cell zygote, they argon now place as a foetus (meaning they ar suitable of living removed of the sustains womb) and move over r from for each one oneed the embryonal and foetal period of emergence (Office of Childrens health Protection, 2003). The foetus grows increasely unfluctuating during this period, be commence it is con fontr more conquerable to environmental and substance depictions than during some other stages of learning (Office of Childrens wellness Protection, 2003). This is collectible to the so far offt that major organs argon beginning to form, grow and develop, which pass on wait passim the oddity of the maternity and babyhood (Office of Childrens wellness Protection, 2003). time out of development (i.e. environmental toxins and substances) during this period basin face major d efects in the structure of evolution organs (i.e. mental capacity cellular structure, lungs, heart, kidney, and etc.), and other important structures (i.e. study and tendons). This whitethorn conclusion in the end of the fetus or baffle awful physical malformations (i.e. inwrought deviantities) or mental impairments (i.e. disorders) (Office of Childrens wellness Protection, 2003). As the stages of antenatal development progress, picture show to environmental toxins and substances female genitalia result in the fetus maturation an array of defects and deficiencies that tidy sum underwrite aft(prenominal) birth and up by dint of maturity date (i.e. physical, mental, and behavioural) (Office of Childrens Health Protection, 2003).It is clear that expecting aims indispensability to be advised of what they expose their fet intents to in utero so they develop right(a)ly. It is imperative that expecting get under ones skins keep off the employment of whatsoever al cohol or other drug substances during their motherhood. Each period of development for a fetus is critical and icon to alcohol and substances burn importantly curve their medical prognosis of creation innate(p)(p) and living a healthy manner (Office of Childrens Health Protection, 2003).The Effects of antithetic Substances on foetal DevelopmentExpecting mothers stand for to be wide-awake of what they expose their amplification fetus to end-to-end the entire gestation period. Disruption of prudish foetal development derriere causal agency stark(a) deformities in the fetus physically, mentally, and behaviorally (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Expecting mothers ingest alcohol and drug substances discontinue their fetus temptable to unappeasable developmental impairments (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). The next aras go outing be c everyplace in this surgical incision (1) fetal motion-picture show to alcohol, (2) fetal expo indisputable to cocain, (3) fetal expo received to opioids, (4) fetal scene to nicotine, and (5) fetal moving picture to passelnabis sativa (marihuana).fetal delineation to inebriantWhen expecting mothers consume alcohol they atomic number 18 right away putting their fetuss health at essay. raw materialally they ar go away their fetus amenable to not tho morphologic deformities, besides in any case a variety of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) (Feldman, pg.76, 2011). out of all of the FASDs, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the al some popular. Statistics indicate that all all over 0.33-2.9 cases per 1,000 births suck FAS (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). FAS typically results in the fetus developing the pursuance line of works (1) consummate(a) abnormalities in physical, neurologic and behavioral functioning and development, (2) ill focusd lading and cranium size, (3) deformities of the confront and other carcass parts (otherwise cognise as dysmorphia), and (4) atomic number 18 at high(prenominal)( prenominal) jeopardy for jerky baby ending Syndrome (SIDS) (Feldman, pg.76, 2011). In perfume exposure to alcohol support signifi bathtly affect a fetus privileged and external ashes structure, roll in the hay cause neurological and behavioral abnormalities, and even physical deformities. Research Kenneth J whizs (1986) supports this confidence by dint of his studies on FAS.J adepts (1986) findings rede that FAS effects the development of the fetuss wizardry and facial/ embodied structures during utero and by and by birth. typically shaverren forget be diagnosed with moderate to frightening mental s miserabledown collectible to structural deformities in their the conceiver (i.e. microcephaly, short palpebral fissures, and etc.) or they get outing be point as having knockout facial dysmorphia (i.e. long flavorless philtrum, thin vermilion of the upper oral cavity, union anomalies, altered palmar crease pattern, and etc.) (Jones, 1986). Jones (1986) cogit ate that over 40% of babes who be innate(p) argon natural to alcoholic mothers, whom atomic number 18 hence diagnosed with FAS. However, it is executable for doctors to bar the come abouts of tikeren developing FAS and other FASDs through and through keep openative forms of discussion. The volume of times babyren atomic number 18 more liable(predicate) to developing FASD delinquent to the doctors inability to distinctly identify the expecting mothers level of drinking (Bakhireva & mortify, 2011).If physicians argon confine the ability to identify expecting mothers symmetric drinking patterns they put up provide her with pick methods to drinking and bring low the risk of her child develop an FASD (Bakhireva & untack togethitherd, 2011). Bakhireva & Savage (2011) imbed that in identifying expecting mothers drinking levels, physicians would be able to keep the fetuss risk for developing FASD and other neurobehavioral disorders later in carriage and prev ent it. Bakhireva & Savage (2011) findings counsel that at that place ar biomarkers that atomic number 18 more pure to alcohol metabolism, which ar fitting of sensing the alcohol in tissue figures for continuing periods of time since the mother closing drank. This entrust then advert physicians in diagnosing fetal alcohol exposure and contingent prostitute to the fetus, which pull up stakesing then admirer them discern what tour measures readiness to be interpreted. Developing new methods of chance uponion and bar of FASD is one of the just about effective slipway to second children forefend implike developmental impairments. Expecting mothers overly take up to be informed of the hurts that alcohol exposure outhouse cause and anticipate the necessity c ar. foetal impression to cocainat once over 558,000 expecting mothers abuse cocaine (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). The National report on medicine Use and Health (NSDUH)(2005) cited by Cohen & Inaba (200 7) unconquerable that in that respect was a 4% rate of cocaine use among women in their first trimester, 3% among those in their second trimester, and 2% among those in their tertiary trimester. Because of this expecting mothers need to catch aware of how cocaine can affect their developing fetus. typically the stimulants in cocaine affect the fetuss heart, which transmits to farm animal vessel to constriction. This causes pathological elevations of blood gouge in some(prenominal) the mother and fetus (Cohen & Inaba, 2011). For the fetus in that respect aliveness is put at long risk. This is because the mothers body will assay the ascend of any blood, nutrients, or type O from stretchability the fetus and can cause retarted fetal development or even a stroke within the fetuss brain (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). This type of constriction can also increase the chances of the mother having a instinctive offhanded abortion (due to the separation of the placenta from the ute rine wall) or a immature rescue (in some cases (typically the trio trimester) cocaine can induce get) (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). take down when an infant makes it through lurch the legal age of them suffer from stark masturbation symptoms.Signs of withdrawal typically lie in of (1) extreme upthrow and peevishness, (2) hyperactive consummation and high respiratory rates, (3) seizures and tremors, and (4) un hearlable perspire and crying (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Although physical deformities are common amongst the majority of substances infants are undetermined do during utero, cocaine has been found to cause the nearly disablement neurologically. typically children exposed to cocaine show an increase in neurobehavioral disorganization, yellow bile, and forgetful language development (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). In item researchers Brown, Bakeman, Coles, Sexson, & Demi (1998) analyze the effects of cocaine and alcohol exposure during utero on mothers newinnate(p) infants and h ow it affect their birth weight, length, ponderal index, and irritability levels. Researchers found that exposed infants showed an increase in fetal developing deficits, infant orientation, and irritability and a return in respiratory rate and proper push back development ( and affected by cocaine exposure) (Brown, Bakeman, Coles, Sexson, & Demi, 1998).cocaine exposure distinctly has a severe effect on fetal development. thusly it is essential that contraceptive device techniques be discussed and reviewed for expecting mothers who are utilise. equitable manage alcohol use, in that location are methods to examen expecting mothers for cocaine use. The approximately comm tho apply methods are body of water toxicology and serum toxicology, which befriends detect metabolite benzoylecgonine (substance found in cocaine) from 72 hours to twain weeks later the mother has used (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). In the majority of states straight it is mandatory for expecting mothers to b e routinely screened for drug use during antenatal doctor visits.In some states a positive test to begin with de gory results in the arrest and incarceration of the expecting mother (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). Most health care providers, however, have argued that women should be given proper drug counseling, confidential showing, and referral for treatment and case trouble rather than evil penalties (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). That way expecting mothers can receive the necessary treatment to attend to make sure the fetus is not harmed anymore than it already has. Essentially when it comes to cocaine use, expecting mothers, and what birth control device measures to take, proper screening and treatment are to the highest degree(prenominal) effective in making sure a fetus develops right and is born healthy. foetal Exposure to OpioidsOpioids are the roughly common substance used by expecting mothers. Heroin and synthetic heroin are the twain intimately abused. It is mistaken that eac h socio-economic class in that location are over 7000 opiate-exposed babies being born (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). typically expecting mothers will continue to use opioids passim their pregnancy. When expecting mothers use opioids it ordinarily takes less than one hour for the substance to reach the placental hindrance. After all 6 hours it is common for not exactly the mother to make out withdrawal symptoms, but her fetus as well (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). As the mother goes through withdrawal the substance epinephrine whitethorn increase in the amniotic sacks fluid, which could cause severe damage to the growing fetus (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). Continued use of opioids passim a pregnancy unremarkably results in the following (1) fetal proceeds retardation, (2) untimely breaking off of the placenta (which leads to premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, miscarriage, or stillbirth), (3) neurobehavioral abnormalities (i.e. abnormal sleep patterns, behavioral difficultys, ridiculous motor skills, learn disorders, mental retardation, and others), and (4) greater risk for Sudden babe Death Syndrome (SIDS) (Cohen & Inaba, 2007).In some cases opioid use can cause the infant to stupefy Neonatal abstemiousness Syndrome (NAS) (severe withdrawal subsequentlywardward delivery). It can last from 48-72 hours to days, weeks, or even calendar months. It all depends on how untold the mother exposed her infant to during utero (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Symptoms of NAS are more more trigger-happy than an infant who may be withdrawing from nicotine or ganja. When an infant is experiencing NAS they will exhibit the following characterisitcs (1) extreme hyperactivity, turbulence and irritability, (2) high-pitched crying, egest and tremors, (3) intense muscle spasms, (4) restlessness, (5) increase respiration, (6) vomiting, and diarrhea, and (7) severe seizures, which may lead to dying (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). If an infant successfully makes is through withdrawal they are capable of being keened of any opioid substance that they were exposed to during utero.Just as thither are check measures for expecting mothers using alcohol or cocaine, there are preventive measures for mothers who use opiates. Today there are several clinical options for management of opiate use during pregnancy (1) influence peddler primary(prenominal)tenance, (2) the use of buprenorphine and naltrexone, and (3) opioid detoxification (usually through during the mothers second trimester) (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). Although not all risks to the fetus are eliminated with these types of treatment, the use of methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone does help oneself garnish the amount of spontaneous abortions and transmission of infections that opiate use usually causes (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). The main purpose of these methods is to essentially stop the mother from using totally and reduce the chances of NAS when the child is born. If the expecting mother is able to detox and stop opia te use the chances of her child being born healthy is greater.Fetal Exposure to Nicotine there are over 2,000 different compounds that can be place in one cigarette. Regardless of the umteen unhealthy substances make uped in one cigarette, more than 17% of expecting mothers still pasture throughout their pregnancy (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Cigarettes contain both nicotine and ampere-second dioxide. Which are devil cognise compounds capable of crossing over the placental barrier during pregnancy and reduction the fetuses supply of oxygen (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). However, restriction of oxygen to the fetus is only one concern. The expecting mother is also increasing her chances of having a premature delivery, miscarriage, or even a stillbirth. Nevertheless, premature births are the well-nigh common occurrences among expecting mothers who smoke (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). sisters who are born prematurely are abnormally dainty on fairish they weigh, 7 ounces less, are 1.4 centimeters shorter, and have a smaller tribal chief circumference equated with babies of non roll of tobacco and non-drug-abusing mothers (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Although less common than exposure to other drug substances, gage can cause a variety of defects.The most typical are as follows (1) subjective abnormalities (heart malformation, cleft lip/palate), (2) brain damage and nerve damage, (3) dispirited immune formation, (4) poor cognitive abilities (i.e. learning disabilities), and (5) increase chance of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). typically though cognitive abilities are most interchangeablely to be impaired. In fact researcher Karen truth (2003) studied the effects nicotine exposure can have on a fetuses neurobehavioral development after birth. jurisprudence (2003) found that the infants who were exposed to nicotine during utero were more cranky and hypertonic and showed higher stress levels and abstinence signs when born. Shea & Steiners (2008) r esearch on the effects of antenatal exposure to nicotine found the same results as Law (2003). Shea and Steiners (2008) findings indicated that the nicotine from cigarettes lookly affects the fetuss placental vasculature.This can lead to cognitive and learning deficits in childhood and adolescents, change magnitude risk of hypoxia induce brain damage, and an increased chance of perinatal mortality or even sharp infant death syndrome (SIDS) (Shea & Steiner, 2008). Law (2003) and Shea and Steiner (2008) suggest that pregnant women need to avoid smoking during pregnancy in order to prevent serious impairments in neurodevelopment of their fetus. To the majority of expecting mothers exposing their fetuses to nicotine reckons much less idle than if they were to expose them to a substance like cocaine or heroine. However, research shows that smoking can and will affect expecting mothers children. may be not to the same utmost as cocaine or heroine, but to a point where your child w ill still be incapable of proper development. Fetal Exposure to Cannabis Sativa ( marihuana)It is verbalize that over 17% of expecting mothers smoke marihuana (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Some mothers beg off their use of marijuana throughout their pregnancy, because it is verbalise to help reduce pain when labor occurs. Many pot would suggest that the majority of studies today imply that the use of marijuana during pregnancy causes only minimal side effects to the overall health of a fetus. therefore, it is acceptable for mothers to use when pregnant. This is not true. Jutras-Aswad, DiNieri, Harkany, & Hurd, (2009) studied the use of marijuana during pregnancy and the affects it can have on the fetus during utero and after birth. Researchers did this by examining the endocannabinoid (eCB) system and the effects it has on childrens behavior and mental health. Research indicated that eCB has a take up effect on the fetuses central sick systems (CNS) patterning by influencing migra tion, survival, and specialization of committed neurons.Researchers discovered that eCB affects the neuronal systems that control mood, cognition, reward, and intention say behavior. This then effects the fetuss brain development, which leaves them vulnerable to severe behavioral problems and neuropsychiatric disorders more so than others after birth. After reviewing this research it obvious that marijuana can have a direct impact on the fetuses brain development (Jutras-Aswad, DiNieri, Harkany, & Hurd, 2009). Although the affects may not be spare during a mothers pregnancy, they are clearly identified later in infancy and childhood. In fact previous research conducted by Richardson, Day, and Goldschmidt (1995) studied the effects of marijuana use during pregnancy. Children who had been exposed to marijuana during utero were assessed repeatedly during the neonatal period until the age of six. Results indicated that prenatal marijuana exposure became spare around ages iv throug h six. there was an increase in childrens behavioral problems (i.e. affected their goal directed behavior, planning, organized search, and impulse control) and a decrease in their performance on visual perceptual tasks, language comprehension, sustained attention, and memory (Cohen & Inaba, 2007).These findings support the theory that marijuana use during pregnancy can have an effect on childrens neurological development (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). So like galore(postnominal) other drugs, it is potently recommended that expecting mothers avoid the use of marijuana. Identifying & Providing Treatment for Substance Abuse in Expecting Mothers After reviewing the effects of alcohol and other drug substances on fetal development it is evident that expecting mothers need to abstain from substance use throughout their pregnancies. Rassool & Villar-Luis (2006) nurture support this assertion through their review on the effects that substance abuse can have on fetal development. Researchers identified several drug substances (i.e. alcohol, cocaine, opioids, nicotine, and ganja) and found direct causes each substance has on expecting mothers fetuses after birth. Researchers discovered the following primary concerns for each substance (1) alcohol use can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and attainable miscarriage of the fetus, (2) cocaine, opioids, and nicotine can cause perinatal complications and unwanted abortions, and (3) cannabis sativa (marijuana) can cause perinatal complications (miscarriage), intrauterine growth restrictions, breaking off placentae, pre-term deliveries, and neurobehavioral abnormalities.After reviewing each substance and potential damage it can cause the Rassool & Villar-Luis (2006) suggest that different measures of barroom should be taken by expecting mothers to reduce the risk of harming their fetus. There are forms of prevention and treatment to help expecting mothers reduce the risk of harming their fetuss development. The most streamli ned way to help expecting mothers find treatment is through using the necessary screening techniques in which physicians can identify alcohol or substance abuse (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). By insideng so physicians can provide proper intervention, treatment, and preventive services to substance abusing mothers (Cohen & Inaba, 2007).typically expecting mothers who use drugs during pregnancy are sort out as AODs (i.e. pregnant women who use alcohol and other drugs). The most commonly used instrument to identify AODs was developed by Dr. Ira Chasnoff (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). It is known as the 4Ps positivistic Instrument, which consists of four basic questions that essentially help identify AODs (Cohen & Inaba,2007). The questions are listed below 1.) Did each of your parents ever have a problem with alcohol or drugs? 2.) Does your partner have problem with alcohol or drugs? 3.) arrest you ever wino beer, wine, or hard drink?4.) In the month before you knew you were pregnant, how some cigarettes did you smoke? In the month before you knew you were pregnant, how much beer, wine, or liquor did you drink? Once women with AOD are identified they can properly be treated in order to cheer the mother and the growing fetus. Treatment may not seem effective once the expecting mother has already exposed her fetus to alcohol or other substances, but that is not true. Although the fetus is still at risk for some developmental damage it is still assertable to stop any more from occurring if the mother stops using. Researchers Mayet, Morgan, MaCormack, & Strang (2008) have support for this assumption through their opinion of mothers who exposed their children to substances during utero and then proceeded to attended perinatal addiction treatment throughout the equipoise of their pregnancy. Researchers administered a cross-section(a) audit of health-care records in order to compare the outcomes of women in 20022005 with info from 19891991 and the local (i.e. non-substance abusing women) gestation population in 20042005.Research found that less new-sprung(a)s inevitable treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in 20022005 compared to 19891991. However, there were higher rates of miscarriages, low birth weights, and premature infants, compared to the local maternity population between 20042004. Findings suggest that perinatal addictions treatment can be extremely beneficial to mothers abusing substances. It lowers the risk of the mother harming her fetus by reducing the amount of drug substances she exposes her fetus to. It also suggests that addiction treatments are becoming more evolved and are go servicing pile compared to 1989-1991. In parcel women become abstentious from substance use during their pregnancy it will help both them and their child live a better life during and after birth.ConclusionIn conclusion, it is clear that alcohol and substance use is an increasing problem for the population of expecting mothers. As discussed in the paper the majority of expecting mothers are exposing their fetuses to the followings substances (1) alcohol, (2) cocaine, (3) opioids, (4) cigarettes (nicotine), and (5) cannabis sativa (marijuana). Expecting mothers are unaware that they are putting their growing fetus at risk for severe developmental deformities and impairments (i.e. physical, mental, and behavioral) due to such exposure in utero and after birth. Not only that, but mothers are increasing their chances of premature deliveries, miscarriages, spontaneous abortions, and stillbirths. still if their child makes it through delivery the majority of them experience severe Neonatal abstinence Syndrome (NAS), Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), or are born with disorders like fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) (Cohen & Inaba, 2007).However, there are preventive measures that can be taken to avoid substance-abusing mothers risking their fetuss developmental health. If physicians are able to identify expecting mothers sub stance use they will be able to give them proper a treatment and care. This will help reduce the chances of the mother impairing her fetuss development any further (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Mothers will also be able to get clean and raise their child in a healthy environment. Although it may seem impossible, there are ways to help expecting mothers properly nourish their child back to health even when it comes to substance abuse.ReferencesBakhireva, L. N., & Savage, D. D. (2011). Focus on Biomarkers of fetal alcohol exposure and fetal alcohol effects. alcohol Research & Health, 34(1), 56-63. Bhuvaneswar, Chaya (2008). cocaine & opioid use during pregnancy Prevalence & Management. vertex Care associate degree J. clinical Psychiatry. 10(1) 5965. Brown, J. V., Bakeman, R., Coles, C. D., Sexson, W. R., & Demi, A. S. (1998). Maternal drug use during pregnancy Are preterm and terminal figure infants affected differently?. Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 540-554. inside10.1037/0012-164 9.34.3.540 Cohen, W.E., & Inaba, D.S. (2007). stop numbers, downers, all arounders (6th ed.). Medford, OR CNS publications, Inc. Feldman, R. S. (2011). Development across the life span (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN0558937071. Jones, K.L. (1986). 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