History and development of Bengali journalism Essay

Bengal, especially Calcutta (presently Kolkata) was the cradle of ledgerism in India. The maiden paper of India pimples Bengal Gazette was published in Kolkata in 1780. So were the first four non-English compositions- in Bengali, Urdu, Hindoo and Persian. Several language newspapers owe their birth to Kolkata in some form or the other for precedent the Oriya types were manufactured in Serampore, a suburb of Kolkata. The year 1818 mugs the beginning of Bengali journalism. Samachar Darpan was the first newspaper in Bengali language. It was published by Serampore Mission mess on May 23, 1818.Started by missionaries Carey and Marshman, it began as a monthly, but soon converted into a weekly. It carried both Indian and foreign news. It became bilingual in 1829 carrying Bengali and English news in parallel columns. After surviving a number of crises, it close down in 1852. Digdarshan was also published in 1818. In 1821 a remarkable Bengali journal Sambad Kaumadi was published under the patronage of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. But it did not survive for long. Sambad Pravakar was the first Bengali daily newspaper published in 1839, patronized by Iswar Chandra Gupta.It was followed by Tattobodhini, published by Akhya Kumar Dutta in 1843. The other Bengali journals during this time were Samachar Chandrika, Bangadoot, Sambad Pravakar, Vividhartha Sangrah (1851), Masik Patra (1854), and Som Prakash (1851). The first weekly within the territory of todays Bangladesh, lemanderin Bartabaha, was published in 1847 from Rangpur and the first weekly from Dhaka, Dacca News, was published in 1856. The long durable Dhaka Prakash was first published in 1861 and Dhaka Darpan in 1863.They early Bengali papers took up the cause of the oppressed workers in the ndigo plantation, and of the peasants. Notable among them were the Som Prakash, the Grambartha Prakashika and the Amrita Bazar Patrika (before it became an English weekly). They created problems for the goernment with their exposur e of the exploitation of cranch in plantations and on the fields, and violent denunciation of the European planters and the g everywherenment. In the course of this campaign, a number of newspapers were started in villages and districts. The press and machinery used to print them were of the crudest type and the publisher and editor conducted the journals almost as family business.But patronage the questionable quality of the product, it did achieve one remarkable feat establish the credential of the newspaper as a powerful force. Bengali journalism also carried the message of Bengal renaissance. Most of them actively desire social and cultural reform. However, there were some, who opposed the reforms resulting in a social churning which is the hall mark of any renaissance. The Bengali press was a terror to the British administration and all the drastic press laws were particularly aimed against them.It had powerful editors and writers who reached out to the masses in the distant villages with their clarion call to fight against injustice, racial prejudice and maladministration. They were the earliest to demand self- political sympathies and assail the Moderate leaders of the nationalist movement with disquietude and lack of courage to demand what was the birthright of Indians. The Bengali Press suffered the most in the reprisals launched by the Government after the mutiny in 1857. Till the 80s of the nineteenth carbon Bengal was the hub of newspaper unexclusiveation.A survey of the Indian Language Press by Sir George Campbell in 1876 showed that half of the total number of 38 newspapers was published from Kolkata. However, by end 19th century newspapers have started publishing from all across the country. End 19th century saw some remarkable newspapers coming out from Bengal. The Sulava Samachar of the Indian Reform Association was started in 1870 by Keshab Chandra Sen. It was a weekly, priced one pice per copy. It had a circulation of 3,500 copies and w as the most everyday weekly of the period.Another journal which was also popular was the Haishakar Patrika emended by Babu Kisari Mohan Ganguli. The first newspaper to espouse the cause of the working class, Bharat Sharmajibi, was started as a weekly at about this time. The first Bengali daily to adopt modern methods of production was the Basumati (1880) which was edited by Krishna Kamal Bhattacharya. Surendranath Banerejee published Bengalee. The editor of Bengalee faced contempt of court proceedings and imprisonment when it voiced public indignation in 1883 against a High Court Judge who ordered Hindu idols to be produced in court as evidence.The paper which became a daily in 1900 was the first language paper to confirm to Reuters foreign news service. Through the Bande Mataram, another important newspaper of this period Aurobindo Ghosh proclaimed his school of thought and the new Path which meant passive resistance as an instrument of political action. An associate of the Ben galee was the Nayak (1908), published by Panch Cowrie Bannerjee. In 1922 came the Ananda Bazar Patrika, started by Mrinal Kanti Ghosh, Prafulla Kumar Sarkar and Suresh Chandra Majumdar. Together with its English counterpart, Hindustan Standard, it played a glorious parting in the freedom movement.Another daily Jugantar, was started in 1937 by the management of the Amrita Bazar Patrika. After Gandhi took over the leadership of the national movement, the Bangalee and Nayak which were the organs of the Moderates, lost ground rapidly in spite of official certification because of the tremendous pressure exerted by C. R. Das who was the undisputed Congress leader in Bengal. Post liberty Bengali papers suffered after the partition in 1947 because they lost a good slice of their readers in the new East Pakistan, which in 1971 became a new independent country Bangladesh.Notable newspapers started in the first two decades after the independence included Loksevak (1948) and Jansevak owned b y the Congress leader, Atulay Ghosh. Among the doyen of Bengali journalism, summons must be made of Chapala Kanta Bhattacharya, who was the editor of the Ananda Bazar Patrika and was president of the All-India Newspaper Editors Conference and Hemandra Prasad Ghosh, who started the Basumati in 1914. Hemendra Prasad Ghosh was a member of the Editors delegation which visited the war front in 1918. He had the distinction of being a innovator in establishing an exclusive news services for his paper.Vivekananada Mukherjee was one of the undischargedest newspaper editors of Bengal. Under him Jugantar scaled great heights. The Bengali press today is the third largest numerical group after Hindi and English. There were 1662 newspapers in 1984 as against 1583 in 1983. Of them 52 are dailies and 433 weeklies. By 2007-8 the total number of number grew to 3244 as per RNI, of which one hundred twenty-five were dailies. As per the Indian Readership Survey Q2 for the year 2011 results the five most read Bengali newspapers were Anand Bazar Patrika1 (Redership 59. 2 lakh), Bartaman2 (29. 63 lakh), Sangbad Pratidin3 (9. 58 lakh), Ganashakti4 (7. 9 lakh) and Aajkal5 (6. 28 lakh) Calcutta was the second place in India to have a radio set station after Bombay.In British India, broadcasting started in June 1923 with programmes by the Radio Club of Bombay, followed by other radio clubs. Then, by an agreement of 1926 the private Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was granted allowance to operate two radio stations the Bombay station was inaugurated on 23 July 1927, the Calcutta station followed on 26 August 1927.Calcutta had its first Television station (named Doordarshan) in 1975. In June, 1984, Calcutta Doordarshan entered the world of colour transmission. By middle 2011 there were over 15 stations of All India Radio in West Bengal. There were over 20 private radio stations in West Bengal including Radio Mirchi, Radio One, Red FM (Kolkata, Asansol and Siliguri), Big, Friends, Power, Aamar, Fever, Radio Meow, Radio Misty, High and Nine (Siligudi). There were three campus radio stations in SRFTI, Jadavpur University and Netaji Subhas expand Univeristy.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase

In the beginning, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 CDK1 for example, is a cellular telephoneph unitary division cycle protein homolog 2, regarding a research paper that explains the role of CDK1 in the human breast genus Cancer cells. They found that CDK1 rather than any types of CDK is fatal to the mutated version of MYC- dependent housecer that leads to a depletion of the onco factor in human cancer cells.The study reveals that the reason for the MYC breast cancer cells duplation is organizeing CDF1 register any other CDK cell lines. The primary purpose was to figure out the mechanism of CDK1 inhibition which controls and target the breast cancer cells in human and both phosphorylation and expression of MYC during the cell cycle process.To confirm that, they utilise siRNA knockdown to measure the expression level of MYC. Further, other than any mutants, apoptosis leading to the uncontrolled cell proliferation especially in human breast cancer disease that was measured by the detect ion of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 using flow cytometry technique.The controls that were used are estrogen receptor ER-positive and ER-negative, they found increased at the count of the protein activity for the positive and the negative correlation, but the gene expression was high at the positive one and decreased to zero at the negative control (that means no reaction between them).They sustain that CDK1 is essential for cell division and necessary for driving the cell cycle in all cell types.To initiate intracellular signaling pathways and stimulate the cell cycle entry, mitogens substance bind to the cell emerge receptor with the activation form of GTPase Ras that activates MAP kinase cascade. That will lead to the expression of encoding gene of the transcription regulatory protein like MYC.Moreover, MYC will increase the expression of many late response genes, including slightly genes that lead to increased G1-CDK activity (cyclin D Cdk4), which triggers the phosphorylat ion of members of the tumor suppressor protein (Retinoblastoma protein) family. The inactive form of RB proteins can release the E2F target genes to initiate the transcription process in G1 and S phases, to enhance the G1- CDK and S- CDK activities and the phosphorylation of RB proteins forming a positive feedback loop.

M•A•C (Makeup Art Cosmetics) Essay

Today, the cosmetic fabrication is a very(prenominal) innovative and competitive industry where product innovation and taint image is the key to success. One of the publics cosmetics leading brands present is MAC, standing for Makeup subterfuge Cosmetics. The purpose of this essay is to present M.A.Cs stigmatization strategies and it differentiation to the competitors.Brand OverviewMakeup Art Cosmetics or MAC is one of the worlds fastest growing cosmetic brands. M.A.Cs creation was first in 1984 by twain men, domestic dog Angelo, a palmy businessman of a salons chain in Toronto, and Frank Tosken, a seasoned war paint artist and photographer. At first M.A.C was only used among the professional penning artists. Then, by word of mouth, it spread to the public. After that, in 1994, M.A.C was purchased by the Estee Lauder who owns many of the worlds popular cosmetic brands, and headquartered in the United States in New York and in Canada, Toronto has the largest branch. M.A.C c ontinues to be a protection brand, which is specialized for eyes, lips, face, skincare products, nails, brushes and fragrance.Brand ManagementMAC sells cosmetics of high quality that is intend for professional as well as everyday users, who are seeking for colorful, cutting-edge and creative makeup products. One of M.A.Cs brand personality traits is cosmopolitan, which has positioned itself for individuals of every color, race and ethnicity, which is reflected via its motto All ages, each races, all sexes, all M.A.C. This brand is typically sold in high-end department stores. They also have their own stand-alone stores, as well as an online shop.Brand DifferentiationThe brand is very popular because of its delicate texture, artistry, creativity, enduringness and huge choice of colors from pale nudes to bright colors. The products are also very well tolerated on every skin type and its items are also suitable for women with sensitive eyes (MAC, 2007). The prices of the M.A.C cosm etics are like with other high quality world cosmetic brands. M.A.C is now part of the international authority of the turnout and marketing of high-quality skin care, cosmetics, perfume and hair care products Lauder COS. Consumers are a young and fashionable people.Lesson LearnedI have learned the importance of branding and brand management from the course. Brand is very essential for all products and service. It can tell not only a name, sign and symbol of the goods and services of the sellers, but it can also be a competitive advantage for manufacturer, when consumers trust in the products and services. For consumers, brand is a symbolic device or signal of quality, which can refer to a promise and cohere with maker of product(s) in every industry.With true creative, artistic and colorful make-up products, the brand Makeup Art Cosmetics or MAC is one of the worlds trustful products which has a successful brand management, positioning and differentiation.pic picReference1. http/ /www.maccosmetics.com2. http//www.holypod.net/tag/make-up-art-cosmetics/3. http//www.enjoy-your-style.com/mac-cosmetics.html

Harm of Nuclear Weapon

It took a lot of blood, sweat and tears to get to where we be today, but we have just begun. Today we begin in sincere the work of making sure that the world we leave our children is just a little bit break up than the one we inhabit today as the only nuclear power to have used a nuclear gun the United States has a moral responsibility to act.Good morning respected judge teachers and my dear friends I here today to speak on the topic dangers of nuclear weapons We all come that the effect of the nuclear fusillade in hiroshima and Nagasaki can be felt even today the survivors fall apart us that no one should ever undergo what they have been through a nuclear explosion creates a living hell where the living envy the dead. A nuclear weapon is an explosive thingamajig that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. two reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter a modern the rmonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosion comparable to the burst of more than a billion kilograms of conventional high explosive. 1 Thus, even single small nuclear devices no larger than traditional bombs can devastate an entire city by blast, fire and radiation. Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction, and their use and control has been a major focus of international relations policy since their debut.In the history of warfare, only two nuclear weapons have been detonated offensively, both near the end of World war II. The first was detonated on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device code-named short Boy on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second was detonated three days later when the United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device code-named Fat Man on the city of Nagasaki, Japan.These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of an estimated 80,000 peo ple (mostly civilians) from injuries carry on from the explosion. When factoring in deaths from long-term effects of ionizing radiation and acute radiation sickness, the total death price is estimated at 120,000. The use of these weapons remains controversial. Since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasion for testing purposes and demonstration purposes.A few states have possessed such weapons or are surmise of seeking them. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weaponsand that acknowledge possessing such weaponsare (chronologically) the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the Peoples Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea. Israel is excessively widely believed to possess nuclear weapons, though it does not acknowledge having them. 2